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日本人如何看待打赢甲午战争:不愿再刺激中国

2014-05-14 12:02:05   环球网

著名思想史学家野鹿正直在《思想史论集》一书中指出:甲午战争后,日本国民由原先“极端的自卑”转为“极端的自负”,产生了一种以“强国”自居的“大国民”、“大民族”意识。以甲午战争为界,幕末以来只停留在知识阶层的中国蔑视意识已经完全渗透到一般国民之中。

上个世纪30年代在上海经商多年并与鲁迅有深厚情谊的内山完造曾概括甲午战争后日本社会的“中国蔑视观”:“日本人一谈到对中国的常识,就是:中国人无国家观念,中国人不清洁,中国人若无其事地偷东西,中国人撒谎,中国人是卑怯者,中国人是迷信家,中国人重金钱身于生命,中国人喜赌博,中国人有数个妻子。”

可以说,正是这场打败了上邦“老大国”的甲午战争,点燃了日本人的所谓“爱国心”,开始将为天皇而战视做至上荣光,为后来的军事扩大和侵华战争提供了精神鸦片和财政收入。

就像日本保守派人士、《从日清战争中学习》的作者谷口光德所说,“对于构筑现代日本来说,日清战争(甲午战争)的作用大于日俄战争。”

那么,在中日两国关系处于低谷的现阶段,在中日两国民间都有声音认为,会再来一场“中日甲午战争”的眼下,日本各界人士又是如何看待的呢?

前日本横滨市立大学校长、都留文科大学校长、历史学家加藤祐三从中日两国的历史背景进行分析。他认为,谈论甲午战争,得从日中两国的“开国”谈起。1840年,中国因为英国发动的鸦片战争而被迫打开国门,1853年,日本因为美国的“黑船来航”而被迫打开国门。从表面上看,日中两国都是被西方列强打开的国门,但实际上,却存在本质性的不同。中英之间签订的《南京条约》是一个“败战条约”,一个“惩罚条约”,要求中国割地、赔款。自此以后,中国和外国签订的条约,都是“败战条约”,其中就包括支付了最高金额赔款的《马关条约》。而培理提督和日本签订的《日美和亲条约》,是美国和日本经过交涉后签订的一个“交涉条约”,一个没有经过战争的条约。尽管日中两国都没有成为英美的殖民地,但这些本质上的不同,就注定了日中两国在近代史上的命运不同。

加藤祐三教授还指出,英国跟中国是海洋国家和大陆国家之争,而日本和美国是海洋国家之争,调节、交涉起来比较容易。在商船担负贸易,军舰支撑军事力的时代里,海洋国家发展势力相对有利。从日中两国的政治体制分析,日本当时处在幕府时代到明治维新时代的转变期,与西方国家的发展目标一致。而中国则是一个皇帝下,有多个民族和多个因册封体制产生的藩属国。1884年的中法战争,是法国从中国夺取了越南这样一个藩属国的战争。这场战争对于日本很有参考意义,到了1894年,日本就想让中国的藩属国朝鲜“独立”出来,于是开始了这样一场甲午战争。

株式会社BBT董事长兼CEO、庆应义塾大学环境情报学部特聘教授藤原洋,则是从科技进步的角度分析了甲午战争的结果。他认为,日本早在德川幕府时代,就已经开始工业革命,特别是在铸铁等方面。由于日本避免了和欧美进行全面性武力冲突,因此能够从欧美进口科学技术,比当时的中国要先进。日本把科技发展的成果,用于增强军事力,所以日本在甲午战争中打败了中国。

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