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台媒:从刚果再到南苏丹 非洲内战何时了?

2014-01-07 09:16:09   中国新闻网

据外媒12月25日报道,南苏丹政府军与反政府武装的血腥冲突已持续超过一周,造成“史上最大人道主义危机之一”,传出种族屠杀暴行,并发现数处“乱坟堆”。暴力冲突可能已导致数千人死亡。与此同时,联合国安理会

当然还有突尼斯、埃及和利比亚等国的动乱。

非洲在这段时期的动乱,因着冷战结束、东西阵营不再对抗,联合国安理会可以顺利通过联合国维和部队顺利进驻冲突地区,至少减轻战争对无辜平民百姓的威胁。

后冷战时期,联合国的维和行动遍及非洲近二十个国家,已结束的有在安哥拉、纳米比亚、索马里、卢旺达/乌干达、布隆迪、卢旺达、乍得/利比亚、中非共和国/查德、狮子山、埃塞俄比亚/厄立特里等之行动、目前仍在西撒哈拉、马里、赖比瑞亚、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、苏丹及南苏丹七国派有维和部队。另外非洲地区的区域组织─非洲联盟也在近年来扛下部份的责任,在布隆迪、苏丹达尔富尔、索马里及中非共和国派有维和部队,布隆迪的早已结束,其它三个持续进行,中非共和国的是去年底动乱之后才开始进驻。

不过,联合国或非洲联盟的维和行动都是在冲突或内战爆发后,才开始进驻,虽然有助于和平的维护,但并不能解决造成动乱的基本原因。就以中非共和国及南苏丹最近的内战冲突来看,前者长期有军事政变及威权专断统治的传统,从来没有一位民选总统能够做满两任的任期,同时不断有叛军出现,挑战政府。在经过多年的动乱后,博齐泽(Francois Bozize)政府在2012年8月和叛军达成协议,政局似乎要走向稳定,但没想到年底又叛军再度集结,以Seleka的新名出现,不到半年就将博齐泽政府推翻,不过并不能完全控制局势,博齐泽虽然流亡国外,但其支持者仍集结与Seleka政府对抗,形成目前的内战僵局。不过,由于Seleka领导人是中非境内少数的穆斯林,因此原先仅是政治权力的争夺,演变成宗教和族群的冲突。

南苏丹的情况则是让国际观察家感到痛惜,毕竟这是一个经过几十年和北苏丹抗争后,方才在两年前获得独立的新国家。没想到在脱离共同敌人的穆斯林阿拉伯人统治后,代表第一大族群丁卡族(Dinkas)的基尔总统(Salva Kiir)和代表第二大族群努尔族(Nuers)的副总统马沙尔(Riek Machal)却因政治斗争,而引发军事政变及内战,激化黑人族群内部的矛盾与冲突,南苏丹的丰富石油,也成为贪腐政客觊觎的诅咒。

最后,刚果这个坐在宝山上的穷人国家,在1998至2003年经历了好几百万人死亡的第一次非洲世界大战后,东部地区长期不稳定,叛军和民兵团各有其地盘,联合国维和行动也束手无策,刚果军队的一位上校指挥官和两位随从也在今年1月2日遭到埋伏击毙。更严重的是远离战区上千公里外的首都金沙萨,也遭不明叛军恐怖攻击,造成七十多人死亡。

若是我们详细分析这三个中部非洲国家的冲突与内战,族群和其它语言文化等的分歧固然相关,政治人物的贪腐及权力的争夺才是造成动乱的主要原因。更重要的是这三个国家的民主体制不是才刚开始,就是民主化的过程并不平顺。如何让脆弱不定的民主走向成熟稳固的民主,或许才是结束非洲内战冲突最应思考的议题。(严震生)

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