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神舟十一飞船有三大亮点 “太空之眼”更精准

2016-10-18 15:21:04   刘 扬

搭建近实时传输的太空“基站”

其实,光学敏感器的升级只是神舟飞船改进的一小部分,几乎每一个细节的技术含量都在不断提高。相比由地面测控站和海上测量船组成的陆海基测控网,中国拥有的三颗“天链一号”中继卫星相当于将地面测控站搬到距离地球3.6万公里外的太空同步轨道。神舟十一号飞船成功发射后,为确保与地面通信的实时畅通,借助安装在飞船上的宽波束中继通信终端可以实现与中继卫星天链一号实现“太空握手”,这样就完成了中继终端对天链一号的捕获跟踪,并向中继卫星发送数据,建立起从神舟十一号到中继卫星再到地面站的数据传输链路。

据专家介绍,通过中继终端建立的天基测控通信系统建立之后,将对神舟飞船的测控覆盖率提高70%以上。相比陆海测控方式,天基测控具有很多优势,由于单颗中继卫星通常可跟踪40分钟左右,更有利于天地通话、科普实验等在轨试验任务的展开。而且中继卫星可以为神舟十一号飞船提供高速率数据传输,这就为高质量的图像话音、大容量科学实验数据传输提供了便利。

“一切为了航天员的安全”

《环球时报》记者在采访过程中,听到最多的一句话就是“一切为载人,全力保成功”,从中可以看出中国载人航天项目对于航天员安全的重视程度。而神舟十一号飞船也通过一系列的技术改进,进一步保障航天员的安全。

在载人交会对接中,由于任务需要,神舟十一号飞船要频繁变轨,以往实行的地面计算落点的方式可以为航天员安全返回提供帮助。为进一步保障航天员的安全,提升飞船自主运行的能力,飞船系统设计了在轨自主应急返回的救生方案。也就是说一旦神舟十一号飞船与地面失去联系,导致地面指挥系统无法为飞船计算准确的落点,飞船将启动自主应急返回系统。该系统相当于为航天员的安全再加一道砝码,它可以进行轨道预报,并通过神经网络计算落点的控制参数,寻找落点的优选方案,进而实现飞船的自主应急返回。

回收着陆是载人航天活动中决定航天员能否安全回家的最后一棒。据航天科技集团五院神舟飞船副总设计师荣伟介绍,神舟十一号回收着陆最大的亮点是全国首创的特大型降落伞。降落伞系统是飞船返回阶段的重要气动力减速装置,它可以将飞船返回舱的速度从“高铁”级别降到相当于普通人慢跑。神舟十一号的降落伞系统由7000多个零部件组成,是目前我国航天器回收降落伞中结构最庞大和最复杂的系统。其中主伞1200平方米,能铺满一个足球场。此外着陆缓冲技术也得到提升。为了让飞船在“落脚”的一瞬依然保持航天员良好的乘坐体验,研究人员将着陆缓冲技术应用于神舟飞船返回舱的着陆缓冲系统,从而实现返回舱“软着陆”。

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