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西方欲借南海仲裁逼华就范 中国专家:别指望了

2016-05-19 09:58:57   

最后,裁决中国在争端解决之前,应该停止拦截和驱赶菲律宾在南沙群岛水域的捕鱼和执法行动,包括中国应该停止在黄岩岛海域阻止菲渔民享有专属经济区的行动。

如果裁决果真如此,这一国际司法裁决将深化国际海洋法原则与其是否能有效适用的矛盾,并将加剧国际海洋法在全球司法实践的冲突性。其结果,要么是海洋法的国际司法实践需要更新进步,要么是《公约》的法律体系急需补充、修订和发展。否则,中菲南海诉讼案就将成为1996年《联合国海洋法公约》生效以来最大的败笔。

如果仲裁庭要触碰九段线,仲裁判决中的“历史事实”与“法律依据”如何相互适应和相互协调,是此次南海仲裁案中的关键问题之一,也是国际海洋法仲裁机制面临的重大挑战。仲裁庭的审议若从头到尾漠视历史依据和历史事实,只从国际海洋法原则中就事论事,本身就是在重大问题上简单的“照本宣科”。

中国虽然坚持南海九段线的划设,但从来没有正式澄清过九段线的法律性质。仲裁庭如果基于九段线的模糊性判决九段线及相关的“历史性权利”不符合《公约》原则,则是典型的“张冠李戴”。

法律战、舆论战、还是外交战?

南海仲裁案的仲裁庭裁决还没有最终出台,但围绕着可能的裁决结果及其争议,一些国家为争夺影响力而进行的舆论战、外交战和法律战却已鸣锣开战。

菲律宾阿基诺政府为了达到“博眼球”的目的,在过去两年频频口出妄言,不惜扭曲和夸大事实。另外,菲律宾大肆加强美菲军事同盟、拉美国深度干预南海争议的做法,更是践踏了中国和东盟冷战后在“睦邻友好、平等互利”基础上形成的战略伙伴关系。菲律宾政府一边将争议问题“司法化”、另一边却将中菲关系“冲突化”的做法,只会加剧南海局势的紧张,与国际司法介入的本意更是背道而驰。

今天的南海仲裁案,既是法律战、舆论战,更是一场艰巨的外交战。无论中外,很少有人相信,仲裁庭的一纸仲裁能改变南海主权争议的长期性和复杂性。西方媒体和人士动不动以中国应该有的“大国责任”和国际规则的“神圣性”要挟中国就范,并不能真正令人信服。

遵从国际规则固然是中国崛起的战略利益,但如果人为忽视南海主权争议的复杂性和历史性、简单和片面地“捍卫”国际海洋法原则的仲裁决定,中国为什么必须认可和接受呢?1982年尼加拉瓜诉美国的案例中,美国同样不也是最终不接受国际法院判决的吗?2011年,澳大利亚诉日本的南极捕鲸案中,日本坚持“科研捕鲸”的说法不也是最终败诉了吗?但日本政府接受国际法庭的判决了吗?

法律永远是调节国家间利益关系的工具,法律工具的使用,最终需要有合作性的外交与政治关系的配合与支持才能有效施行。如果不顾中国利益诉求的合理性,一味要求中国接受国际仲裁裁决,似乎国际法的大棒是万能的,这种想法并不符合国际关系的内在逻辑。将南海仲裁案利用成牵制中国南海维权的外交和政治攻势,力图迫使中国放弃岛礁建设和合理的维权行动,这本身就已经大大超出了南海争议司法化的初衷。

近来有传闻,海牙仲裁庭正在认真审议台湾所提出的太平岛是“岛”相关事实依据。我们欢迎五位仲裁法官这一严肃、审慎的举动,更期待仲裁案的最终裁决能秉持公平、均衡的司法立场。即便如此,南海争议的国际司法介入可能因为南海仲裁案而刚刚起步,对此,中国一定要做好必要的准备。南海主权争议毕竟只是中国整体周边外交的一个组成部分,南海的维权和维稳必须符合、更需要配合中国可持续崛起的整体国家安全和发展战略。在南海问题上,我们争什么决定了我们的对手是什么。南海仲裁案应有助于我们理性、准确和长远地审视和追求我们的南海战略。(作者是南京大学中国南海研究协同创新中心执行主任、南京大学国际关系研究院院长)

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