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中国直接研制第三代载人飞船 一步走完美俄40年路

2016-04-12 11:25:57   解放军报

此后的10年里,中心圆满完成了4次无人飞行和3次载人飞行,他们创新运用多项新技术,使飞船定轨精度优于百米量级,取得我国近地航天器定轨30年来的重大突破。三次交会对接任务,他们突破了远距离导引最优策略及轨道重构技术,精度高出指标1个量级,再次刷新航天飞控的“中国精度”。四次绕月探测,他们自主开发的可视化系统,使远在太空的飞行器和月球表面的探测器近在眼前。

陈宏敏主任介绍说,中心成立的20年可以分为五个阶段,从艰苦奋斗、创建起步到完善功能、实现突破,从开辟领域、使命拓展到攻坚克难、全面提高,再到现在的面向未来、创新发展,每一阶段都伴随着创新,取得的每一点进步和成就都离不开创新。据统计,中心成立20年来,创新突破了“高精度轨道控制、交会对接控制、地月转移控制”等22项具有自主知识产权的关键技术,一次次创造中国航天飞控新高度。面对今年我国载人航天新型号新任务,中心创新团队又开始了逐梦太空的新征程。

在失败中寻找创新之门  

任务成功不等于成熟,每一次任务的执行更不是前一次任务的简单重复,因此飞控人面对的不只是鲜花和掌声,更是考验与危机。

1999年11月21日,由于对“点频”问题认识不清和软件设计的缺陷,导致神舟一号第15圈返回时的控制参数注入失败。“我们在返回前对飞船进行数据发送,那是一帧负责返回控制的一组数据,我们在预定的跟踪区域内没有送上去!” 陈宏敏主任说。

科技人员们迅速行动起来,查找问题原因,商讨应急措施,抓住补注机会进行补救,确保首飞任务取得了圆满成功。但正是这次教训,让“严慎细实、精益求精”几个大字从此融入每一行软件代码、每一个飞控方案和每一个飞控人的血脉。

危中有机,败中求变。在失败中寻求创新,在失败中获得转机。

2013年6月17日,在神舟十号太空授课演练中,飞控大厅突然出现了图像话音中断问题。此刻,距正式太空授课只有最后三天时间,如果解决不了问题,将导致太空授课推迟或无法实施,会造成极其负面的政治影响。中心科研人员顶住了压力,两天两夜不眠不休查清了问题,成功保障了太空授课40分钟的全球直播。

“嫦娥三号”是全新的挑战,没有现成的可借鉴,没有资料供参考,哪怕是前人失败的教训都找不到!用嫦娥三号总体主任设计师席露华的话来说,嫦娥三号是全新的挑战,简直就是“如履薄冰”。

一切从零开始。她把自己当成了一名小学生,给自己定了两条原则:只要是有关嫦娥的会,无论大小她都要参加;只要是有关嫦娥的文件,不分系统她都要认真研究。遥操作控制是嫦娥三号任务的难点所在,在月球车路径规划的一个细节上遇到了问题。一连几天席露华彻夜未眠,反复思考该采取怎样的路线。一个全新的构想浮现在眼前,“再晚也要把大家叫起来”,她迅速召集攻关小组成员揭起一场头脑风暴,连续几昼夜的攻关终于取得了突破。

载人交会对接任务轨道控制精度要求高,需要留给测轨计算更长的时间,神舟九号多次变轨数据注入频度高,但留给上行数据验证的时间只有50分钟,多次试验结果显示,时间一拖长,变轨就不能按计划实施。

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