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解读长剑20空基巡航导弹:进气道和弹翼都去哪了

2016-03-18 08:29:48   科罗廖夫

中国空军携带长剑-20的轰-6M轰炸机,居然是一枚长剑-20的实弹。

中国空军目前拥有三种轰-6轰炸机。首先是最先进的轰-6K,2010年开始小批量生产,目前已装备50余架。其次是轰6-H轰炸机,于上世纪90年代装备,两个外挂架,属于鹰击-63空地导弹的专用发射机。最后是轰-6M,是新世纪初装备中国空军的改进型轰炸机,2003年开始装备部队,大约有50架,它是在轰6H基础上发展而来,有4个外挂架,可装载2枚YJ-63导弹或4枚KD-88导弹,航电系统更加先进,可以挂载长剑-20远程巡航导弹。

【细节三】图片显示在导弹挂架的挂梁上面有“DF-4A”字样,很多人按照拼音的发音将其解读为“东风-4A”导弹,这显然是不合乎逻辑的解释,东风4导弹是我国火箭军的中远程液体弹道导弹,不太可能出现在空军。此“DF”并非东风导弹之意,是“导-发”的拼音缩写,导(弹)发(射架)之意。这应该是长剑-20的专用导弹挂梁,机载武器通常挂载于战机机身或机翼的挂架下面,为了挂载多种武器,战机挂架通常通过各种武器的专用或通用、复合挂梁来吊挂航空弹药,这种挂梁同时还是导弹武器的发射架。

【细节四】长剑-20巡航导弹的弹翼在哪里。图片显示轰炸机挂载的导弹没有弹翼,而以往中国空军所使用的鹰击-63和鹰击-88空地导弹,都有很明显的固定式弹翼。通过图片细节可以看到,长剑-20采用了折叠弹翼,位于弹体的中部,属于平直中单翼。由于巡航导弹的射程比较远,要求导弹具有比较大的升阻比(按照航程布列盖公式,飞行器航程=巡航升阻比 x 飞行器速度 / 发动机油耗x发射时重量 / 燃料耗尽时重量的对数),相同条件下,升阻比越大射程越远,所以巡航导弹通常采用平面式中单翼,只有一对弹翼,对称地安装在弹体两侧,从外表看与普通飞机的气动布局相仿,因此俗称为“飞机式布局”。

这种布局的优点是展弦比大,诱导阻力小。平面式中单翼的翼展比较大,需要折叠到弹体内。长剑20巡航导弹的弹翼就折叠在上图红色区域内,弹体外部是一个柔性的长条缝隙状盖口,导弹发射后,弹翼弹出并固定,盖口随即关闭,以减小雷达反射面和空气阻力。

【细节五】照片里加挂在轰炸机上面的导弹居然没有进气道,令人很是不解。巡航导弹使用比较省油的涡轮风扇发动机,需要设置进气道为发动机提供空气流场。例如美国的战斧式巡航导弹就采用弹体下部固定式的二元进气道,具有很明显的外部特征。

长剑-20导弹采用了更先进的埋入式进气道。弹体下部看不到突出的进气道唇口,只有一个很不明显的凹入部分(上图红色圆圈的区域),与早期战斧和KH55等同级别巡航导弹有明显区别。采用埋入式进气道的巡航导弹型号有很多,例如战术战斧BlockIV型 ,印度“无畏”式远程巡航导弹,巴基斯坦的哈塔夫巡航导弹,俄罗斯3M14E“克拉布”巡航导弹,都有些长剑-20导弹的影子。

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