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总师披露空间站任务 长七携新飞船返回舱6月首飞

2016-03-09 10:51:21   观察者网

“宇宙的构成和演化,暗能量、暗物质、黑洞的研究……我们期待对宇宙学、天文学的基本问题取得重大突破。”周建平说。

后发优势:世界领先的信息系统、太阳翼、机械臂

“中国不是最早进入宇宙空间的,换一个角度理解,反而有后发优势。近年来,信息技术、新能源、自动化和人工智能技术的进步,将综合体现在中国空间站上。”周建平说。

中国的空间站基于当代最新技术成果设计建造,信息化程度更高、能力更强。“尤其在通信、网络、数据管理和应用等方面,我国的空间站都相当先进。这也得益于当代技术发展和国家科技进步。”周建平说。空间站如此庞大的系统,需要强有力的电力保障。

“中国空间站有两对‘翅膀’——单翼翼展约30米的柔性太阳翼。它们与双轴对日定向机构、高效能锂离子电池等一起,构成了空间站先进、强大的电源系统。”周建平说,这个系统能够为空间站提供可靠、充足的不间断供电。

“目前,地面上太阳能光伏发电,太阳能到电能的转化率一般在百分之十几左右。空间站使用最新研发的太阳能光伏发电系统,转化效率可达30%以上。”周建平说。

“一名航天员在舱内操作机械臂,一名航天员在舱外太空行走。无论是舱段转位、大设备的移动,还是航天员自身的移动,都可以通过机械臂完成。”这不是科幻片,而是不久将来的现实。“中国空间站有两类机械臂,长度累计15米。人机配合,让空间站建造维修成为可能。”周建平说。

太空经济:循环利用和高效利用

往太空运送物资的成本非常高,载人航天的发展必须把经济性作为重大、优先问题。“进行物资循环利用并提高物资循环利用率,是世界载人航天关注的重大技术挑战问题。”周建平说。

中国空间站设计了完整的可再生生命保障系统。航天员呼出的水蒸气会通过冷凝水的方式回收,排泄的尿液也会回收净化,重新作为饮用水和生活用水使用。电解制氧时产生的氢气与航天员呼出的二氧化碳,将通过化学反应重新生成氧气,这也降低了氧气的补给需求。

提高单位物质的效率是提高经济性的有效手段。中国空间站将采用电推进技术作为空间站轨道维持的动力装置,这将显著降低空间站运行期间的推进剂补给需求。

我国也在研究下一代载人天地往返运输系统的发展思路,将瞄准可重复使用的目标,以期进一步降低空间运输的成本,提高效益。

航天员:将从工程师和科学家中选拔

目前,我国的航天员都是从现役空军飞行员中选拔,主要承担航天器驾驶任务。“空间站将开展太空科学实验,除了良好的身体素质这个共性要求外,未来需要不同类型的航天员,尤其是工程师和科学家。”周建平说。

一类是能够管理维护维修航天器的飞行工程师。设备出了故障能够修理,新技术出来后能够给航天器升级。这就需要从有相关教育背景和工作经历的人中选拔,经过大量训练,成为航天员。另一类是优秀科学家,到了太空后,观察实验现象、分析结果、调整方案、设计新的实验方案,都需要科学家来完成。根据空间站的实验项目,选择相关专业背景的科学家进行训练,也是未来航天员选拔一个主要方向。

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