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明清的皇家警卫如何保证皇帝的安全
2018-05-23 10:00:44 煮酒君谈史
明朝享国二百七十六年,一共传了十六个皇帝,算起来应该属于中国历史上大一统较长的朝代。时间既然长,宫廷内部发生奇闻怪事也就多,其中有名的“梃击案”,便是一件著名的政治疑案。这件案件,一度成为大明朝“国本之争”中朝廷党争重要的“议题”。

案件本身过程不复杂,万历四十三年,一个名叫张差的天津蓟县人,手持一支枣木棒竟然堂而皇之的进入太子朱常洛位于皇宫的居所——慈庆宫,打伤守门的太监,最后被侍卫擒获。这件事之所以被当时以及后世称奇,主要原因是,自古以来中国皇帝的地位至高无上,宫禁严密,普通平头百姓别说进入皇宫,即使靠近皇宫大门,都会被严格审查,现在,竟然有人手持棍棒如入无人之境的跑到皇宫之中,公然威胁太子的生命安全,要知道,洪武四年的正月,朝廷就下诏立内城门禁法律。当时规定“守门指挥千百户日一更代,七卒三日一更代。凡内官内使出入皆用号牌,若有以兵器杂药到门者,论如律。守门军士失于觉察者,罪如之。若车驾出行,则以御史一员临门察视。”由此可见,普通百姓要想进入皇宫,除了有内应,几乎不可能。那么这个案件继续查下去,还真查出了“内鬼”,有两个太监曾经伺候过万历皇帝的皇妃郑贵妃,作为内应勾结了这位名叫张差的农民。案件影响重大,超出了普通刑事案件的范围,直接指向政治权斗,所以,万历皇帝最后便匆匆杀掉主犯和太监结案了。
说到“梃击案”自然衍生出明朝皇宫的“警卫制度”是否松弛的问题,其实,明朝对于宫禁规定极为严密的。

当时紫禁城内,非特别征召官员,“不能轻至”。所以不仅普通百姓,即使是朝中大臣也只能在外听宣,不敢无事擅自进入。如此严密的宫禁以至于导致内外阻隔,下情不能上达的地步,可是“梃击案”还是发生了,由此可见,任何的防范永远都是相对的。而且明朝还有比其他朝代更加严重的沉疴,即太监的权力不受节制,阉党与东林党权力斗争残酷,在这种情况下,不管如何防范,该发生的还是会发生。
清朝入主中原后,就吸取明朝太监擅权教训,从顺治帝开始就设立铁牌于内务府,严禁太监干预朝政。康熙帝登基后,专门下令:“太监等不可假以威权,事发即杀之。”,所谓“天下大权唯一人操之,不可旁落,岂容假之此辈乎。”乾隆帝曾经说:“我朝列主家法,事事超越往古,而内廷制尤为严密。”在这种“乾纲独揽”的“执政理念”贯彻下,使得太监失去了掌控宫廷内的警卫调动的权力,同时清廷在紫禁城内不设统一的警卫机构和主管大臣,而是分别设立侍卫处、护军营、前锋营、内务府三旗包衣各营,神机营等警卫机构,实行分区分面的警卫办法。各个机构的统领大臣,互相并不隶属,各自对皇帝直接负责。清朝政府从根子上就断绝了明朝太监权力过大导致乱政的基础,从而使得皇帝的人身安全有了强大的保障。
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