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同样是几十年不上朝,嘉靖和万历谁的能力更强?

2018-05-11 15:59:08   

这爷孙两有意思,都是几十年不上朝,如果祖先朱元璋在世,肯定气个半死。虽说都是几十年不上朝,但这两人还是很有区别,能力也是有高有低。

嘉靖和万历的年龄和经历不同,造就了执政能力的不同

嘉靖是藩王上位,上位时年龄15岁左右;万历从小生活在宫中,上位时10岁左右。从年龄可以看得出来,嘉靖上位时,无论是身体,还是心理都要稍微成熟一些;从经历来看,嘉靖从小并不是养尊处优,而是经历了在外地的一些波折,对于社会和人性,看得更深,看得更清。

十五岁的少年,可以勉强控制得住朝廷。而10岁左右的孩童,只能有太后或辅政大臣来帮忙做决定。时间长了后,习惯就养成了,嘉靖更加果断,万历更加依赖他人。因此,嘉靖上任后,“大议礼”成功了,而万历“争国本”最终还是失败了。

嘉靖和万历的不上朝原因不同

如果说朝堂解决问题,算是在办公室解决问题,那么嘉靖和万历就是“在家办公”。可不同的是,嘉靖“选筹帷幄”,去不去都一样,因为在家就能搞定一切。而万历,执政早期,去朝堂和不去朝堂,结果都差不多,因为他太小,没有话语权;中期,开始亲政,去了几年,也组织了“万历三大征”,挣得了一些好名声。可惜,面对文官集团的强势,万历力有不逮,只好不朝了。不上朝堂也就罢了,可是万历对于奏章的批复不怎么勤了,而且也不太愿意授权大臣或宦官批复,于是朝廷的运转效率差了很多。虽然看似都不上朝,但嘉靖对朝堂的控制游刃有余,而万历对朝堂的控制稍显被动。在对外征战中,万历更坚决,不过也有嘉靖少许的功劳嘉靖控制臣下相当有一套,让不同的大臣之间进行抗争,起到互相制约、互相监督的作用,而且度的把握还不错。但有些时候对不同臣子的支持上,错误出了不少,比如重用严嵩。虽然严嵩的忠诚度很高,可是能力确实太过欠缺,致使俺答汗率鞑靼攻到了北京城下,这给嘉靖的执政生涯画上了极其“难堪”的一笔;东南沿海的倭寇也是异常横行,给大明的沿海居民和城市造成了很大的破坏,这也使得人们对嘉靖的对外战略有所质疑。所以嘉靖后期,嘉靖开始重用胡宗宪、戚继光、李成梁等名将,局面开始发生了变化。

万历中期,对外非常强硬,特别是‘万历三大征’打出了明朝的气势,维护了疆土的统一,宣告了大明的决心。但万历后期,由于长期不上朝,朝廷系统运转不是很好了。虽然经济总量上到了一个很大的规模,可是对于外敌的抵御,稍微弱了一些。特别是对女真族的崛起,没有很好的控制住。萨尔浒战役损失几十万大军,损失钱粮无数。万历通过增加赋税来凑军饷,老百姓苦不堪言,最终开启了明朝走向末路的大门。

仔细分析,你会发现,万历三大征的成功基础,是和嘉靖后期的用人策略和边防政策是分不开的,当然和张居正更是有着巨大的关系。后期不上朝的万历,对于国家和大臣的控制,实在不算成功,党争成为了一种现象,让大明的国运大受影响。

嘉靖善于权谋,在家就把国家和臣子们严格控制住了,这点很强;对外战略上,嘉靖早期比较弱,而万历这点稍强一些,关键是爷爷的基础打的好。综合来看,嘉靖的能力比万历强一些。

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