芥子园何以延续三个世纪?

2019-02-28 17:24:19    光明日报

原标题:芥子园三百年间 

“芥子园”是明末清初文学家、戏剧家李渔所建园林的名字,也是李渔所开书铺的名字。更重要的,它是李渔倡编的一套画谱的名字。1679年成书的《芥子园画传》,是“中国画最早教科书”。

当人们谈“芥子园”时,可以谈及众多近世文人与画家。齐白石称它为“宝贝”,鲁迅将其作为礼物送给许广平,丰子恺曾说自家书中最贵就是它。

当人们谈论“芥子园”时,也可以谈到木版、石版、玻璃版、数字印刷等种种印刷技术的流变。340年来,《芥子园画传》不断再版、复刻、改良、派生,成为我国古代版本最多、印数最大、影响深远的画谱,形成“芥子园现象”。

1、中国艺术的深刻一笔

在南京老门东,芥子园是一处近年重建的小景点。因园林小如芥子却能“容纳须弥”而得名,然而芥子园与芥子园书铺几易其主,至民国时已破蔽无存,《芥子园画传》的生命力却极为旺盛。

为弥补“余生平爱山水,但能观人画而不能自为画”的遗憾,李渔晚年与其女婿沈心友、画家王概等人悉心策划出版了一部画谱,分门别类地介绍了山水画的技法和临摹古人的四十幅山水作品,通过木版彩色套印,编辑成册,1679年康熙十八年,《芥子园画传》初集《山水卷》出版,直至今日,依然是出版界的“宠儿”。

树木山石、梅兰竹菊、草虫花卉,中国画中的各种符号被一一分解整理形成图谱,乍看是出版家李渔闲情偶寄的一幕,却为中国艺术史画下了浓墨重彩的一笔。

在中国国家画院研究员、李可染画院院长李庚看来:“《芥子园》所承载的是明末清初出现的现代精神,这种精神的一个征兆就是出版物的广泛出现。”《芥子园画传》不仅为寒门学子打开了走进中国画世界的一扇门,还在雕刻、陶瓷、印染、纺织、园林等众多行当发挥着潜移默化的美育作用,目不识丁的工匠也能轻易地看懂画传里的图像,并把这些图像运用在工艺中,大到一座园林,小到一个荷包,美育在无声甚至“无字”中产生。

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