神荼郁垒两边站 驱灾镇邪保平安

2019-02-02 16:15:29    中国艺术报

原标题:春节:对联与门神的起源 

关于春节的起源,有不同的说法,如源于腊祭说,源于巫术说,源于鬼节说等等。春节期间的民俗事项经过千年的文化沉淀生成了许多象征性的文化符号,如年夜饭、拜年、春联、门神、年画、窗花、“福”字、灯笼、爆竹。其中,历史最悠久、寓意最丰富的两个符号是春联和门神。

神荼郁垒两边站 驱灾镇邪保平安

刻有神荼、郁垒的桃符

神话传说中在东海一座岛上有一棵大桃树,拱形的枝干弯曲到地面形成一扇大门的形状,妖魔鬼怪都住在大门里面。为了不让他们出来,天帝派了两个神将去把守大门,一个叫神荼,一个叫郁垒。他们要是发现哪个鬼怪为非作歹,就会用草绳把它捆起来,然后送去喂老虎,并且黄帝“立大桃人,门户画神荼、郁垒与虎,悬苇索以御凶魅” 。此后,人们又从这个故事中引申出了鬼怪怕桃木之说。于是,人们每逢过年,便用两块长方形桃木板刻上神荼、郁垒的像或写上他俩的名字,挂在门的两边,叫作桃符,以示驱灾压邪。春联、门神都是由此而来。

宋代,在桃木板上写对联,已经相当普遍了。王安石的《元日》诗中写的“爆竹声中一岁除,春风送暖入屠苏。千门万户曈曈日,总把新桃换旧符”就反映了每到除夕之日,家家户户挂桃符的盛况。桃符逐渐由桃木板改为纸张,一般用吉祥的红色纸张。“春联”一词的出现,是明代初年朱元璋大力提倡民间贴对联以迎春,因此称为春联。明末清初陈尚古《簪云楼杂说》说:“春联之设,自明太祖始。帝始都金陵,除夕前忽传旨:公卿士庶家门上须加春联一副……”朱元璋不仅亲自微服出游欣赏大家贴的春联,而且还亲笔给学士陶安等人题赠春联。相传朱元璋微服出巡,经过一户人家,见门上没贴春联,便去询问。原来这是一家阉猪的,还未请人代写,朱元璋就特地为那阉猪人写了“双手劈开生死路,一刀割断是非根”的春联,所以朱元璋在民间被称为“对联天子” 。经过明朝皇帝的提倡,过年张贴春联的风气日盛,这一习俗与叫法一直延续到现在。一些行业往往会根据行业特点写有意思的对联,如鞋店上联“前程远大脚跟须站稳” ,下联“工作浩繁轻重要分清” ,横批:“始于足下” 。又如理发店上联“提起刀人人落发” ,下联“拉下水个个低头” ,横批“改头换面” 。据说石达开也为理发店写过一个春联,上联是“磨砺以须,问天下头颅几许” ,下联是“及锋而试,看老夫手段如何” 。

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