南北方过小年,为何相差一天?

2019-01-28 18:11:11    新华网

新华社天津1月28日电(记者周润健)“二十三,糖瓜粘”。农历腊月二十三,我国北方称为“小年”,而南方地区则错后一天,在腊月二十四迎来“小年”。民俗专家表示,这源于我国古代“官三民四船五”的传统。但不论哪天过“小年”,所有中国人都正式准备过年了。

天津市民俗专家、专栏作家由国庆解释说,在中国古代,过小年有“官三民四船五”之说,即官家腊月二十三过小年,百姓腊月二十四过小年,而水上人家则在腊月二十五迎来小年。后来随着时间推移,北方地区逐渐以腊月二十三为小年,南方地区则把腊月二十四定为小年。

腊月二十三也好,腊月二十四也罢,如果说腊八是大年的开场锣鼓,那么小年就是大年的序幕,从小年开始,就进入了过大年的倒计时。

“年到年到,糕糖祭灶”“二十三,糖瓜粘”“腊月二十四,灶王爷上天”等民谣里都说到了“糖瓜祭灶”,祭灶是传统小年的重要节俗,因此,“小年”也被称为祭灶节,每到这一天,人们都要停下手里的各种活计,例行年前的祭灶送神活动。

历史学者、天津社科院研究员罗澍伟介绍说,灶神俗称灶王爷、灶公、司命,是中国民间在年节中特别崇拜的神灵。民间传说,灶王爷自上一年的除夕子时一直留在家中,以保护和监察一家,到了腊月二十三或二十四日,灶王爷便要升天向玉皇大帝汇报这一家人的善行和恶行,用以督促这家人的日常行为自律。因此祭灶时,人们在灶王像前的桌案上摆放供品,其中最突出的是“糖瓜”,这类食品又甜又粘,意在让灶王爷多说“甜言蜜语”。

“人们为了祈福求顺,常常会在灶王像两边贴有‘上天言好事,下界保平安’或‘上天言好事,回宫降吉祥’之类的对联,横批是‘一家之主’。”由国庆补充说。

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