只为心中的泥金彩漆梦

2019-02-19 16:06:58    光明日报

只为心中的泥金彩漆梦

黄才良在创作中(摄影:陈云松)

十里红妆,是旧时浙江宁绍平原地区大户人家嫁女娶亲时的壮观场面。在这些嫁妆中,大至床铺,小至线板、纺锤,完工之后,都要进行外表装饰——就是在木胎漆胚上堆塑、沥粉,通体刷上红漆,局部贴金,看上去流光溢彩、喜庆繁华。这种制作技艺,被称为泥金彩漆,可谓是十里红妆中的“奢侈品”。

作为宁波传统工艺“三金”之一,泥金彩漆发源于7000多年前的河姆渡时期,明清之际达到鼎盛,有文字记载的历史长达550年。

泥金彩漆的制作工艺非常考究,是一种结合了泥金工艺和彩漆工艺的漆器工艺。在制作的时候,泥金彩漆对气候与环境条件要求极高。工艺流程独特且复杂,要经过捣漆泥、堆塑、贴金等20多道工序。通常,做一件小型作品就要耗费几天时间,如果要完成一件大型作品,需花上几个月甚至半年时间。手艺人用自制的漆泥,在木胎漆胚上堆塑山水、花鸟、人物、楼阁等图饰,再给堆塑贴金、上彩。虽然制作工序繁杂,但泥金彩漆制成的器物典雅古朴、绚丽多彩,颇有汉唐雕刻艺术之遗韵。这项技艺在明清之际达到鼎盛,然而随着婚庆习俗与日用品材质的变化,传承也日益困难,目前仅宁海还保留着这项传统手工艺。

我今年63岁,细细算来,学艺已经40多年了。高中毕业后走上了手艺人这条路,当时仅仅是为了不挨饿,指望靠一门手艺养活一家人。1975年,我正式拜宁海茶院张学笔为师学习泥金彩漆。对于泥金彩漆的钟情,源自于自己孩提时对这些精美器物的向往。那些不起眼的泥,在匠人的巧手下,竟变成了美轮美奂的艺术品。在学习的时候,也很自然地把全部精力投入到了木雕、髹漆工艺上,没用几年,我已经熟练地掌握了朱金木雕、清刀木雕、泥金彩漆的全套工艺。但是我没想到时代的变迁如此之快,在我学会这些后,十里红妆居然渐渐淡出人们视野,成为一段记忆。

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