中国漆器工艺之剔红

2019-01-09 14:05:59    全球博物馆

中国漆器工艺之剔红

以花卉为题材的作品,均以黄色素漆为地,其上直接雕刻花卉,一般是在盘内正中雕刻一朵硕大的花朵,四周缀以小花朵及含苞欲放的花蕾,主次分明,层次清晰。以山水为题材的作品,一般刻有3种不同形式的锦纹,以突出自然界的不同景物,天空以窄而细长的单线刻画,类似并联的回纹,犹如碧蓝的天空点缀着朵朵白云;水纹由流畅弯曲的线条组成,似流动不息的滚滚波浪;陆地由方格或斜方格作轮廓,格内刻八瓣形小花朵,似繁花遍地。这3种锦纹又分别简称为天锦、地锦、水锦,在不同的空间背景下,雕刻出楼阁、人物,以表现洒脱、超凡的文人士大夫形象为主。

中国漆器工艺之剔红

剔红在北京通称雕漆(含义比剔红更广,剔黄、剔黑、剔彩等也都包括在内),即用笼罩调银朱,在漆器眙骨上层层积累,到一个相当厚度,然后用刀雕刻出花纹的做法。从剔红花纹刀口的断面,有时可以看出施漆的道数,但不容易数得精确。明清时期,剔红有肉薄道数较少的,也有多到五六十道乃至百道以上的。另一方而每道漆层的厚薄,各器也有出入,因而古代剔红实物,厚薄很不一致。明代雕漆,尤其是明早期的雕漆,花纹尚肥腴饱满,漆层薄了是刻不出来的。漆层厚,费工又费料,速成求售的制品是不可能这样做的。剔红漆色有深红近于紫色的,有正红的,有色浅而略呈黄色的,自以颜色纯正、光泽明亮者为上。至于刀工的精粗优劣,出入就更大了。

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