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如何让古村落“留得住”“活得好”?

2016-05-13 09:20:26   光明日报

松阳县山下阳村,工作人员取下老屋屋顶瓦片,准备进行修缮。新华社发

松阳县山下阳村的古建筑。新华社发

踏入浙江丽水松阳县,只见田园村舍错落有致,石板路幽深曲折。扑面的泥土香,让时间都放缓了。细雨蒙蒙中,几位耄耋老者坐在房檐下,品味着今年刚采的新茶。

在松阳,广泛分布着一种乡土建筑:既有徽派的“粉墙黛瓦”,又兼具福建客家建筑的元素,采用泥墙承重、灰瓦片覆顶的木结构。长期以来,作为私人产权的文物保护建筑,这类老房子存在着修缮资金短缺的问题。

一个古村落,见证着年年岁岁时光的变迁;一栋老房子,承载着祖祖辈辈家族的寄托。然而,这些印刻着历史记忆的老房子,有些被城镇化的浪潮推倒,有些因村庄人口流失而陷入无人居住、破败坍塌的尴尬局面。

守护家园,留住乡愁。近日由中国文物保护基金会发起的“拯救老屋行动”项目在松阳启动,松阳成为全国仅有的两个传统村落保护发展示范县之一,以及全国唯一的传统村落保护利用试验区。

保留原始风貌

“传统村落保护的结果,应该是让村落更像村落。”中国文物保护基金会理事长励小捷对传统村落的建设,有自己独到的见解。他说:“开发的前提是要合理利用原建筑,一层楼不能改成二层楼,200平方米不能扩建成400平方米,不能放任投资商建设城市化的园林景观,也不能搞成新城镇,这样就失去了传统村落的原始韵味。”

理念先行,徙木为信。文保基金会强调:村落修缮开发一定要守住底线。记者走访了解到,三都乡酉田村是松阳县内文保建筑较为集中的一个村落,村庄依山而建,在村庄的最高处曾经是一所小学。曾有家公司想利用这里优越的地理位置和开阔的视线,将小学改造成茶室,邻村的那一面设计成落地窗。但是当地并没有同意,因为虽然从茶室看外面的茶园山色确实很美,但是从建筑外观上看,村庄原本都是土墙,突然在最高处出现落地窗,会破坏原本和谐的原始风貌。

在“拯救老屋行动”前期试点的山下阳村中,记者看到,村中老巷仍是鹅卵石小路,保留着原始韵味。与商业性的仿古建筑不同,村庄文物建筑修复坚持“修旧如旧”的原则,没有破坏文物的原有性质,修缮好的房屋依然保持着古色古香,还将原来如蜘蛛网般错杂的电线管线全部埋入地下,并铺设了自来水管以方便村民生产生活。

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