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亚裔被赞“聪明”李安为什么还要抗议?

2016-03-21 09:02:33   北京青年报

亚裔被赞“聪明”李安为什么还要抗议?

◎周黎明

第88届奥斯卡因为20名获提名的演员中没有一名黑人,从而生发出一场简称“奥斯卡如此白”(OscarsSoWhite)的风波,即黑人从业者(尤其是在银幕上抛头露脸的演员)在好莱坞没有获得公平的机会。在这场不大不小的争论中,凡是沾边的人被媒体逮到,都必须发表类似站队的言论,当然大多数明星都为黑人同行打抱不平,这里面有多少出自真心有多少出于无奈就难以判断了。获得最佳女主角提名的英国老演员夏洛特·兰普林(《45周年》)发表了不合时宜的观点。她认为,因为此事而抵制奥斯卡,实际上是对白人的歧视。此话一出,圈内说她跟小金人拜拜了,因为她犯了政治不正确的错误。其实她原本就不是领跑者,未能获奖多大程度上是祸从口出也无法分辨。

谁都没想到,奥斯卡的种族风波居然掀起了第二个浪潮。黑人谐星克里斯·洛克在主持时几乎把颁奖礼做成了批判大会,但他却设置了一个小桥段,拿亚洲人开涮了一回。具体情况如下:洛克介绍接下来上场的是三位负责奥斯卡数票的著名会计公司的人员(每年都有这个环节),结果上来的却是三个亚裔小男孩,西装革履,煞有介事。其中一名男童因不知该站在何处,还晕了一阵。洛克念了他们的名字,其中两个是亚洲人的名字,一个是犹太人的名字。所有这些都引发了观众的笑声,但并不是捧腹大笑。接着,洛克抖了一个自我消解的跟进式包袱:“如果有人对刚才的笑话感到不安,请用手机来表达你们的不满。不过,你们的手机也是这些孩子造的。”

以李安为首的二十多名亚裔奥斯卡成员向学院正式写信,抗议颁奖礼上对亚裔的“图解式塑造”(stereotype),并要求他们以后不再出现类似事情。学院也正式做出回应,忏悔自己的行为,并保证不再出现类似事情。完全是外交部抗议的做派,那如《新闻联播》的措辞已经让我们耳熟能详。

现在我们来具体分析这个二段式段子。前半部分的潜台词是亚洲人(或美国的亚裔)很聪明,出了很多神童,穿开裆裤的年纪就够格当会计师。第二部分是嘲笑亚洲的童工现象,但make这个词是很模糊的,既可以指生产线上的装备,也可以指设计阶段的创新,如果有人说“苹果手机是乔布斯造的”,显然不是指组装了。前半部分的笑话,其背景跟近年来见诸报端的虎爸虎妈有关,即亚洲人(及亚裔)过分注重教育,望子成龙,结果培养了很多人才,但同时也剥夺了他们作为少年儿童的乐趣。就拿美国的华人家庭来说,孩子考上常春藤大学的概率非常高,其比例远高于白人,这当然是天才加勤奋的结果。基本上,亚裔会读书、毕业出来能找到好工作,这是美国社会的共识。

笑话的下半段通常做负面解读,童工嘛,无论在哪个国家均属非法。手机的加工生产都在中国,前几年富士康的跳楼事件在美国也有广泛报道,但对中国的负面新闻中,据我所知近年好像没有关于童工的。涉及童工的多半是印度、孟加拉国等国。但在美国,亚裔是被“打包”在一起的,因此张冠李戴的现象很普遍。我为何认为后半段也可做正面解读,是因为这个段子前后部分的关联就是亚裔儿童很聪明很能干,当然换个角度也可以说他们很惨,早早就被催生成大人。

有些读者看到这儿,一定会说:说亚洲人聪明能干,这是夸奖啊。对了,李安等人抗议的并不是奥斯卡对亚裔的“诋毁”、“抹黑”,而是stereotype。这个词很难找到对应的中文,跟咱们的“脸谱化”比较接近,而脸谱化既包括负面形象,也包括正面形象。比如你说亚洲人很聪明,特别擅长读书,这话在美国就犯忌。某些亚裔人士会反驳:你说我们会读书,那是不是表示我们除了读书其他什么都不会?我们体育很差?如果你说黑人特别擅长打篮球,也会有黑人出来用类似逻辑表示抗议。这个不是假设,著名的新闻栏目《60分钟》的老牌评论员就因为在电视上说了黑人天生打篮球打得好,被罚停止出镜好几个月。

脸谱化、图解式的“歧视”在中国仍被视为笑料,但通常上不了台面,比如把一张中国地图的每个省填成“刁民”、“精于生意”等等,有正面也有负面,但只要是标签,均属于stereotype。当一个群体(无论以民族、地域或其他方式区分)未能被另一个群体全面了解时,标签是不可避免的捷径。然而,再小的群体,也有着丰富全面的生态,把同一个标签贴到他们上

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