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战争年代,波兰画家们以只画风景表达沉默的反抗,画着裸体与鲜花、沉浸在法国精神中的学生瓦伊达,穿着父亲留下的海军制服,不得不在街头围捕、波兰起义中决然行走。这些关于二战的年少记忆,构成了他日后创作反战电影的重要来源。1949年,瓦伊达偶然看见了罗兹电影学院的招生启事,几乎误打误撞地考了进去。在这所五十年代的电影学校里,瓦伊达被教授们带领着走进真正的电影艺术里,他接触到大量的法国先锋派电影作品,发现了电影另一面的世界。
生涯早期 “战争三部曲”震惊影坛
在1955年,29岁的瓦伊达开始导演故事片,他拍出了以二战为背景的不朽名作《一代人》,由此开启了他在世界影坛的传奇之旅。《一代人》描写了有冒险冲动、个人理想也有恐惧感的青年战士,影片并未刻意渲染纳粹的暴虐,重点在诉说那些推动历史车轮的普通生命。《一代人》的诞生打破了波兰电影创作上的禁忌,为此瓦伊达备受当时文艺理论家的指责,他们认为这部富有新现实主义的作品被中产阶级的虚无主义所玷污,也有持正面观点的评论家认为影片是对反战电影拍摄的新突破。
两年后,瓦伊达又拍摄了电影《下水道》,讲述华沙起义后抵抗者在下水道逃生的故事。影片表现了下水道的阴暗、污秽和恐怖。而1958年的《灰烬与钻石》斩获1959年威尼斯电影节国际影评人费比西奖,影片的史诗气质更像是一幕四连拍的舞台剧,被不少影评人称为“战争史诗的精神高度”。
《一代人》、《下水道》和《灰烬与钻石》构成了他导演生涯早期的“战争三部曲”。实际上,“二战”时期,瓦伊达才13岁到19岁,因为缺少身份证明,沦陷期间他不得不每天待在屋里,在叔伯的锁店里帮工,关于外界的消息更多来自于周围人的转述。在后来的访谈中,他曾表示因为自己几乎没参加过抵抗运动,战争经历不多,他可以大胆地憧憬二战中那些被绞杀的英雄主义,然后在电影中一一得到弥补。
大师的话
“在德军占领期间,我与地下组织有联系,但没有被关进强制收容所,当时,我刚好去了克拉科夫,没有参加华沙起义。可以说,我错过了那个时代发生的各种事情,我用作品填补了经历中欠缺的部分。”(选自大岛渚著《我被封杀的抒情》)
“我们想要什么?我们只是想拓展一点点自由的边界。电影能直击人们的良知。我觉得自己没有浪费这一生,因为我对政治事务做出了一些贡献。”(2006年2月15日第56届柏林电影节访谈)
责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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