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指挥家皮埃尔·布列兹去世:又一个音乐时代终结了

2016-01-11 09:06:23   文汇报

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皮埃尔·布列兹的离去意味着先锋音乐创作最前沿的人物均已离世。 (资料图片)

■本报记者  周敏娴

法国当地时间1月5日凌晨,法国著名作曲家、指挥家皮埃尔·布列兹在巴登巴登的家中去世,享年90岁。至此,出生于上个世纪二十年代的三位并列于先锋音乐创作最前沿的人物均已离世(另两位是卡尔海因茨·施托克豪森和路易吉·诺诺)。1952年,27岁的布列兹在勋伯格死后一年发表了一篇名为“勋伯格死了”的文章,代表了达姆施塔特年轻一代先锋作曲家的观点:十二音体系未能继续挖掘自身潜力,却在与传统音乐结构和技法的妥协中错失了新音乐彻底革命的机会。如今,布列兹的离去宣告了又一个音乐时代结束了。

这也是继1月1日业余指挥家吉尔伯特·卡普兰去世后,古典乐界损失的又一位权威的马勒作品诠释者。布列兹的家人说,“那些曾见过他并欣赏他的创造活力、他的艺术追求、他的慷慨和自由精神的人,布列兹将会继续和你们同在”。

差点成为工程师

皮埃尔·布列兹出生于1925年3月26日。从小理科出众,顺理成章地成为了一名数学系学生。布列兹的父亲是一位工程师和炼钢厂老板,原本布列兹要遵循大家对中产阶级二代的期望,子承父业。然而,七岁的布列兹出于兴趣学习过钢琴,还参加学校合唱,渐渐地,对音乐的兴趣越来越大。18岁时,布列兹决定离家前往法国首都,并在法国作曲大师梅西安的指导下走上了音乐道路。

通过梅西安他认识到了斯特拉文斯基、巴托克和新维也纳学派的音乐世界。他还知道了不但要学会怎样思考音乐,还要懂得怎样用音乐去思考。通过瑞雷·莱波维兹的课,布列兹接触到了十二音序列、无调性音乐和电子实验音乐。

主业作曲,指挥“纯属偶然”

作为20世纪音乐与文化领域最重要的人物之一,布列兹在一次采访中说道,虽然指挥和作曲是他最重要的两个身份,但作曲才是他的主要职业,指挥对他来说“纯属偶然”。

1954年,他为新音乐创立了系列音乐会,接着的一年里他的作品《无主之锤》获得成功,标志着他作曲家的身份获得承认。之后布列兹创作了大量优秀现代派音乐作品,结合了严密的数学构思与自由、主观的情感表达,被认为是当代最杰出的古典音乐作曲家之一。

布列兹在1958年开始其指挥生涯,当时是作为西南德广播乐团(SWR)的常任客座指挥。70年代,他同时执掌了BBC交响乐团和纽约爱乐乐团,并始建了音响和音乐研究与协调学会(IRCAM)。其中最为人称道的是1976年在德国拜罗伊特指挥《尼伯龙根的指环》百年纪念演出,对这部宏大史诗给予了全新的现代性演绎。

多年来,他与柏林爱乐乐团、维也纳爱乐乐团等保持密切合作,录制了大量优秀唱片,并获得26个格莱美奖项。

独到眼光剖析马勒

布列兹的一大成就在于以他的独到眼光剖析马勒的作品。他曾说:“马勒对今天人们的迷惑力毫无疑问在于他的音乐描述了一个时代行将结束的意象,这是一个充满催眠般魔力的景象——一个时代必须死去,以便另一个时代在它的灰烬中复生。马勒仿佛在吟唱一首讲述凤凰涅槃传说的诗歌。”

布列兹是个雄辩的人,他给战后的音乐奉献了不少格言警句,例如,“任何没有感受到十二音体系必要性的人,都是徒劳的”“对于歌剧问题最好的解决方法或许是炸了所有的歌剧院”,诸如此类。在教育上,他也有着独到的见解,在一次采访中,他说:“文化存在着不同的层次,你不可能将听众压减到同一层次。就好比当一个人在放轻音乐时,另外一个人正在播放贝多芬的交响曲,而第三个人在放贝多芬的四重奏……音乐教育家们应该设法扩大有层次的听众群。”

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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