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莎士比亚的作曲家粉丝为他做了什么?

2016-04-25 09:15:18   文汇笔会 杨燕迪

莎士比亚辞世距今整四百年,为此2016年全世界又掀起新一轮莎翁热。国内近来也频频见到各类莎剧上演,报道和评论不断。这不免勾起我作为一个音乐人的好奇:莎翁对音乐的影响范围有多大?辐射有多远?细查之下,果然不出所料——莎士比亚作为世界文化史中的巨人,其超越国界、穿越时空的强大辐射力在音乐领域中也得到充分验证。权威的英文版《新格罗夫音乐与音乐家大辞典》辟有专条“莎士比亚与音乐”,详细梳理莎翁运用音乐的实例以及四百余年来莎翁进入音乐的历史沿革。另据牛津大学出版社1991年版的《莎士比亚音乐目录》(A Shakespeare Music Catalogue)的统计,全世界根据莎翁文学作品所创作的音乐作品,总数达到了两万首(部)之巨!这真是一个惊人的数字!据此可以毫无夸张地说,就给予音乐以文学素材和戏剧养料而论,莎士比亚是影响音乐最深远的文学家——没有之一。

正是在如此庞大的积累基础上,才涌现出至今仍“活”在舞台上的、为数并不很多的优秀“莎翁音乐”——其间的大面积淘汰也可谓惊人!看下来,《罗密欧与朱丽叶》催生音乐杰作的几率似乎比较高[包括法国作曲家柏辽兹的戏剧交响曲(1839)、法国作曲家古诺的歌剧(1867)、俄国作曲家柴科夫斯基的交响序曲(1869)、苏联作曲家普罗科菲耶夫的舞剧(1936)等,而美国人伯恩斯坦的著名音乐剧《西城故事》(1957)借用并翻新了莎翁这个脍炙人口的故事]。而其他基于莎翁的音乐名作还包括德国作曲家门德尔松的戏剧配乐《仲夏夜之梦》(1826),德国作曲家尼科莱的歌剧《温莎的风流娘儿们》(1849),匈牙利作曲家李斯特的交响诗《哈姆雷特》(1858),法国柏辽兹的歌剧《比阿特丽斯和本尼迪克》(1862,基于《无事生非》),法国作曲家托马斯的歌剧《哈姆雷特》(1868),柴科夫斯基的交响诗《暴风雨》(1873)与《哈姆雷特幻想序曲》(1888),等等。

有个事实可能会让英国人感到尴尬:这些源自莎翁的音乐杰作很少出自英国作曲家之手。自巴洛克时期英国作曲家珀赛尔的《仙女皇后》(1692,基于《仲夏夜之梦》)之后两百年,尽管有很多英籍作曲家从莎翁文学中汲取营养创作音乐,但这些作品几乎无一“存活”。这一窘况显然与英国在18、19世纪中没能出现具有世界意义的重磅作曲家有关。好在进入20世纪后,情况有所改观——埃尔加于1913年写作了一首高质量的交响乐队作品《法尔斯塔夫》,而本杰明·布里顿于1960年推出的歌剧《仲夏夜之梦》被公认不仅紧扣莎翁原剧,并且用音乐捕捉甚至强化了此剧所特有的轻盈而精妙的本质。

源自莎翁的音乐杰作大多来自非英籍作曲家,这从某个特殊的角度印证了莎翁同代人本·琼森的那句名言:“莎士比亚不是属于某个时代,而是属于所有时代”。不妨引申说,莎翁不仅属于英国,而且属于全世界。近在手边的例证是,在无数为莎翁所吸引的作曲家中,公认取得最高成就的是一位比莎翁诞生晚了近两个半世纪的意大利作曲家——朱塞佩·威尔第。

威尔第之所以在“莎翁音乐”中独领风骚,主要原因是他的三部源自莎翁的歌剧达到了完全不输于莎翁的艺术高度:《麦克白》(1847/1865)、《奥赛罗》(1887)、《法尔斯塔夫》(1893),这样的水准和成就在所有作曲家中独一无二。这是三部处于世界各大歌剧院保留剧目中心地带的歌剧,至今盛演不衰,常演常新。说起来,威尔第完全不通英语,这倒并没有成为他接近莎翁的障碍。借助当时正方兴未艾的意大利语莎剧翻译,成人之后的威尔第熟读莎翁,并终生为之倾倒。“他是我最喜爱的诗人,我从青年时代就熟读他,而且一直反复诵读,直至今日。”——1865年4月,威尔第在信中这样写道。他赞叹莎剧所提供的丰富人性维度,着迷于如何用音乐重塑莎剧人物的可能性。间或,他曾考虑《暴风雨》、《哈姆雷特》或《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的歌剧改编,但并未具体实施。其实,威尔第最喜爱的莎剧是《李尔王》,他的脑海里几乎一直盘桓着歌剧《李尔王》的创作计划。1850年代,他曾认真准备启动这个项目,甚至写出了详尽的剧情大纲和音乐布局,但出于各种主客观原因,计划搁浅。至晚年,在《法尔斯塔夫》大功告成之后,《李尔王》的计划再次在威尔第的友人聚会中被提及,威尔第自己也动了念头。然而,威尔第的妻子斯特莱波妮出面进行劝阻——大师年岁已高,因长期从事创作已过度疲劳,他所需要的只是休息。于是,《李尔王》最终成为威尔第的未竟之事,这是歌剧史留给后人的最大遗憾之一。

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