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电影中的窥淫:观看癖是怎么回事?

2016-03-11 09:10:17   文化批评与研究 劳拉·穆尔维 金虎/译

格丽塔·嘉宝(Greta Garbo)的面部特写

一种主动/被动的异性分工也同样控制了叙事的结构。根据主导的意识形态原则和支持它的精神结构,影片中的男性人物不能承担性的对象化的负荷。男性不愿意注视他同类的裸露癖者。因此奇观与叙事之间的分离,支持影片中男性角色作为积极推动故事发展、促成故事的角色。这个男性控制着电影的幻想,同时还进一步作为权力的代表出现:作为观众观看的承担者,他把观看转移到银幕之后,从而把作为奇观的女性所代表的外故事世界(extra-diegetic)的倾向中性化。这之所以成为可能,是通过围绕一个观众可以认同的主控人物来构建影片,从而推动这个过程来实现的。当观众认同男主人公时,观众把他自己的视线投射他同类的身上,他银幕上的代理人身上,从而使控制故事发展的男主人公的权力和主动的色情观看的权力相合,两者都提供了一种全能的满足感。因此的男影星的魅力特征不是被观看的色情对象的特征,而是孕育于最初在镜子前识别时刻的更为完美、更为完全、更为有力的理想自我的特征。

故事中的这个角色比主体/观众更为有效地促成故事、控制故事情节的发展,正如镜像更为有效地控制着原动力协调。与作为影像的女性相对的是,主动的男性人物(认同过程的自我理想)要求一个与镜像识别相一致的三维空间,异化的主体在镜像识别中把对这种想象性存在的自我表象内化了。他是风景中的一个人。电影在这儿的作用就是尽可能准确地再现出所谓的人类感知的自然条件。摄影技巧(特别是大景深的例子),摄影机运动(取决于主人公的动作),再加上隐藏的剪辑技术(由写实主义所要求的),都有助于模糊银幕空间的界限。男主人公能随意地支配舞台,而这是一个空间幻觉的舞台,男主人公在其中进行观看并创造动作。

迈克尔·柯蒂斯《卡萨布兰卡》(Casablanca, 1942)

第三部分的A段和B段已经阐明了电影表现女性的模式和关于故事世界成规之间的张力。这两个方面都和观看联系在一起:观众直接窥淫癖似地观看供其享受而展示的女性形体;观众迷恋于在自然空间幻觉中其同类的男性形象,并通过这个男性控制占有故事世界中女性。(这种张力及其它在两极之间的移动就可以构成一个单一的文本。因此在《只有天使有翅膀》和《有或没有》这两部影片中,它们都是以女性作为观众和片中所有男主人公的共同观看的对象而开场的。她被隔离开来,魅力四溢,被展示并性感化了。但当故事向前发展时,她爱上了主要的男主人公并沦为他的财产,从而失去了她外在的魅力特征、大众化了的性感和歌舞女郎的内涵;她的性行为仅仅服从于男明星。观众通过认同男明星并参与他的权力,也可以间接地占有她。)

但是从精神分析的角度看,女性人物提出了更深层次的难题。她还暗指了某些人们虽然仍然在观看但却否认的事物:她缺乏阳具,这暗示着阉割的威胁,因而也就是不愉快。最终,女性的意义就是两性差异,她没有阳具这是可以看见的;而以此物质证据为基础的阉割情结对于组织进入象征界和父法是极其重要的。因此,女性作为影像,是为男性——主动的观看者观看和享受而展示的,她始终威胁着要引起她原来指代的焦虑。男性无意识有两条逃避这种阉割情结的途径:专注于重新搬演她原先的创伤(调查那个女性,破解她的神秘性),通过对有罪对象的贬值、惩罚或拯救来进行弥补(这一途径典型地表现在黑色电影所关心的事情之中);第二条途径则是彻底地否定阉割,用恋物对象来替代或是把再现的人物本身转变为恋物从而使它变为保险而非危险(因此出现过高的评价,对于女明星崇拜)。

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