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海昏侯墓存四大未解之谜 或将改写历史

2016-03-10 09:08:50   新华网

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新华社北京3月4日电(金锐陈舒)蒸馏器是为了制酒吗?出土的补药是冬虫夏草吗?南昌因何得名?神秘的5号墓主究竟是谁?

南昌西汉海昏侯墓考古发掘专家组2日正式宣布,海昏侯墓主身份确认为距今2000多年的汉武帝之孙、“汉废帝”刘贺,一场从去年起就吸睛无数的考古盛宴似乎尘埃落定。然而,这位创造了中国考古史上多项之“最”的墓主仍留下了许多谜团,还在等待着一份跨越千年的解答。

日前,海昏侯墓考古发掘领队杨军在一场由三联松果组织的学术沙龙上,向人们详细介绍了这些未解之谜。

出土的“蒸馏器”将蒸馏酒历史提早千年?

中国有着悠久的饮酒酿酒传统。曹操刘备煮酒论英雄,李白斗酒诗百篇,赵匡胤杯酒释兵权,不论是生活,还是政治、贸易往来,古往今来,中国人与酒似乎缘分深厚。

此次海昏侯墓葬出土文物中就发现了一个形似制酒用品的青铜“蒸馏器”。

“一开始,我们猜测这个器具是用来制作果汁或者炼丹的。”杨军说,“经鉴定后,我们发现了芋头的残留物。”

杨军表示,直到现在,日本制作清酒的主要原料还是芋头,残留物的发现让专家们觉得这应该是蒸馏制作烧酒所用的器皿。

资料显示,中国发现的最早制酒蒸馏器属于距今800多年的元代。“如果能证明西汉时期中国就可以蒸馏白酒的话,相当于把蒸馏酒的历史提早1000多年。”杨军说。

出土的补药改写中国草药史?

中医药是中华民族的瑰宝,其历史可以追溯到五千多年前的炎帝神农氏。从古到今,无论是达官显贵还是平民百姓,都热衷于服用具有补益作用的中草药以达到延年益寿的目的,民间更有诸如“秋冬进补,来年打虎”之类的说法。

在曾做过27天皇帝的刘贺的陪葬物品中,也发现了不少补品,而这些补品并不简单,有可能是冬虫夏草。

虫草是一种真菌,寄生于虫草蝙蝠蛾的幼虫体内,只生长在海拔3000米以上的高寒草场,因冬为虫,夏成草,又称“冬虫夏草”。

关于冬虫夏草最早的文字记载见于清朝王昂的《本草备要》(1694年):“冬虫夏草,甘平,保肺益肾,止血化痰,止劳咳。”

杨军介绍,此次墓室出土的补药类似于冬虫夏草,且有可能是从西藏传过来的。

“如果真是冬虫夏草,中国以冬虫夏草入药的历史又将提前千年。”

“南昌”得名与海昏侯有关?

在此次墓室出土的文物中,一件清晰刻有汉隶字体“南昌”二字的青铜豆型灯灯座引起了广泛关注,这是目前关于“南昌”的最早的实物资料。

据史料记载,南昌在汉高祖刘邦(公元前256-前195年)统治时期就已建成,但其名如何得来,至今仍没有准确的判定。

杨军介绍,海昏侯刘贺原来是昌邑王,封地在如今的山东省巨野县一带,后来随着他称帝27天后被废,改封为海昏侯,封地就在今天南昌市新建县一带。

杨军分析,墓里出土了许多“昌邑九年”“昌邑十一年”字样的漆器,说明刘贺当时一直心系昌邑,渴望有一天重新做回昌邑王,因此很可能将从前待过的山东称为“北昌邑”,将自己之后所处的江西鄱阳湖畔的都城称为“南昌邑”。“南昌”或许由此得来。

出土玉剑的5号墓主人究竟是谁?

海昏侯墓是中国迄今发现的保存最好、结构最完整、拥有完备祭祀体系的西汉列侯墓园,其中主体以主墓、侯夫人墓为核心,还包括7个附葬墓及门、阙等高级礼制性建筑。其中,刘贺墓正北方向的5号墓成为许多专家关注的焦点。墓主人究竟是谁,是男是女?

目前对该墓墓主身份判定观点有二:一种认为是刘贺之子,因为该墓中出土了武器;另一种认为是刘贺的宠妾,因为其与主墓共用一个地面建筑。

据史料记载,汉宣帝将刘贺贬斥海昏国后,不到5年刘贺就在封地去世,终年33岁。而随后两位本应承袭爵位的刘贺的两个儿子也相继死去,在当时被认为是一种“凶兆”,于是汉宣帝便下旨废除了海昏国。直到10年后汉元帝即位,才又封刘贺的儿子刘代宗为海昏侯。

杨军表示,5号墓出土的文物中包括一把玉剑,而在古代,武器通常是男性的象征,因此他推测,5号墓很有可能是属于未能承袭侯位的刘贺之子。

目前,5号墓的主棺已被套箱提取,事实如何有待后续的实验室考古给出答案。

海昏侯墓园位于南昌新建区大塘坪乡观西村东南约1000米的墎墩山上,自2011年开始发掘至2015年底,已出土金器、青铜器、玉器、陶瓷器、竹编、草编、纺织品和简牍、木牍等各类珍贵文物近2万件。

从为王称帝,到被废为平民,再到封侯,刘贺一生跌宕又短暂。而对于今天的人们来说,他的故事才刚刚开始。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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