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秦武王是无能昏君?“好力”是秦文化的传统倾向

2016-01-21 11:49:54   光明日报

秦昭襄王时曾经称“帝”。《史记·秦本纪》记载了秦王称“东帝”,齐王称“西帝”的史事:“(秦昭襄王)十九年,王为西帝,齐为东帝,皆复去之。”《史记·赵世家》说:“秦自置为西帝。”《史记·田敬仲完世家》记载齐湣王说:“秦使魏冉致帝。”可知秦、齐短暂称帝,是“秦自置为西帝”在先,而秦“致帝”于齐,应当是为了战略合作的需要。秦昭襄王十九年(前288)“自置为西帝”,无疑是由宣太后亲自设计并操作。

苏秦曾经对秦惠文王说:“以秦士民之众,兵法之教,可以吞天下,称帝而治。”(《史记·苏秦列传》)我们有理由相信,自秦惠文王初有“称帝”的雄心,到秦昭襄王虽然短暂却明确宣布了“西帝”称号,直至宣太后最终移交最高执政权时,已经实现“秦地半天下”(《史记·张仪列传》)的局面,从而为秦始皇后来的统一奠定了基础。也可以说,“昭襄业帝”的历史功绩,其实主要是宣太后完成的。

性情“芈八子

《史记·匈奴列传》说:“秦昭王时,义渠戎王与宣太后乱,有二子。宣太后诈而杀义渠戎王于甘泉,遂起兵伐残义渠。”《后汉书·西羌传》记载:“及昭王立,义渠王朝秦,遂与昭王母宣太后通,生二子。至王赧四十三年,宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫,因起兵灭之,始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。”同时又叙说了秦与义渠关系史的背景:东周以来,“中国无戎寇,唯余义渠种焉”。而多次“义渠侵秦”,“义渠败秦师”战事,也在秦史中留下了深刻记忆。宣太后能够纵私情而不避忌对方的异族身份,又能够断然以所谓“诈而杀”或说“诱杀”的方式即利用情感力量结束情爱对象的生命,以谋取军事胜利。作为王族女子,其性格的奇悍令人惊异。不过,在回顾这个故事的时候我们还应当注意到,她可能的婚嫁年代应当大致与“魏夫人来”即惠文后入秦的秦惠文王四年(前334)(《史记·六国年表》)相当或稍后。“诱杀义渠王”的周赧王四十三年(前272)距离此时已经有62年之久。也就是说,她最终解决“义渠之事”时已是年近八旬的老妪。注意这样的背景,或许可以较好地理解她的冷静、多谋与果决。

义渠王与宣太后的“通”与“乱”曾引起史家关注。历史文献还保留了宣太后其他相关事迹。《战国策·秦策二》有“秦宣太后爱魏丑夫”条,其中写道:“秦宣太后爱魏丑夫。太后病将死,出令曰:‘为我葬,必以魏子为殉。’”魏丑夫深为忧虑。庸芮为他劝说太后:“以死者为有知乎?”太后说:“无知也。”庸芮说:“若太后之神灵,明知死者之无知矣,何为空以生所爱,葬于无知之死人哉!若死者有知,先王积怒之日久矣,太后救过不赡,何暇乃私魏丑夫乎?”于是,“太后曰:‘善。’乃止。”宣太后个人私爱,全不避外人,令“生所爱”在其死后“为殉”的愿望,竟公然以“令”的形式发布。又如《韩策二》记载:“楚围雍氏五月。韩令使者求救于秦,冠盖相望也。”而秦军临近战场的部队却按兵不动。“韩又令尚靳使秦,谓秦王曰:‘……臣闻之,唇揭者其齿寒,愿大王之熟计之。’”这些话为宣太后得知,她说:“使者来者众矣,独尚子之言是。”于是“召尚子入”。宣太后对尚靳说:“妾事先王也,先王以其髀加妾之身,妾困不疲也;尽置其身妾之上,而妾弗重也,何也?以其少有利焉。今佐韩,兵不众,粮不多,则不足以救韩。夫救韩之危,日费千金,独不可使妾少有利焉。”宣太后以关涉性爱隐私的话语介入外交会谈,在历史记载中绝无仅有。难怪清王士祯《池北偶谈》卷二一说:“此等淫亵语,出于妇人之口,入于使者之耳,载于国史之笔,皆大奇。”

宣太后有关性情的特殊表现,确实堪称“大奇”。这可能与社会风尚方面“秦与戎翟同俗”(《史记·魏世家》)有关。而她的出身地楚国,也同样是“诸侯远我”的“僻陋之国”。秦始皇会稽刻石“防隔内外,禁止淫泆,男女絜诚”(《史记·秦始皇本纪》)以及睡虎地秦简《语书》要求“去其淫避(僻),除其恶俗”等文字作为楚地民俗史料的意义,都值得我们重视。此外,我们都记得汉武帝“盖有非常之功,必待非常之人,故马或奔踶而致千里,士或有负俗之累而立功名”的名言(《汉书·武帝纪》)。宣太后或许正是“大奇”之人创“大奇”之功,由此我们或许可以在认识她所“立”政治“功名”的同时,理解她情爱方面的“负俗之累”。

(作者王子今 单位:中国人民大学国学院)

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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