文化 > 文史
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China

秦武王是无能昏君?“好力”是秦文化的传统倾向

2016-01-21 11:49:54   光明日报

秦武王无子,秦昭襄王立。“昭王少,宣太后自治,任魏冉为政。”魏冉是宣太后的异父长弟,“自惠王、武王时任职用事。”宣太后和魏冉的合作,确定了秦昭襄王的地位,消除了权力接递时节的政治危机,姐弟两人结成的强势组合,一时“威振秦国”(《史记·穰侯列传》)。秦史于是进入到一个新的时代。

“宣太后”名号,就现有资料看,是中国出现“太后”称谓最早的实例。宋高承《事物纪原》卷一“太后”条写道:“《史记·秦本纪》曰:昭王母芈氏,号宣太后。王母于是始以为称。”“是太后之号,自秦昭王始也。”明董斯张《广博物志》卷一一《事物考》也说:“秦昭王母芈氏,号宣太后。是太后之号始于此也。”后世历朝多次出现的“太后”干政甚至主政的情形,也实自“宣太后”始。作为中国古代第一位“太后”,这位女性的政治表现在许多方面也堪称第一。

宣太后时代秦国力的兴盛

宣太后将国家管理权力全面交给秦昭襄王,马非百《秦集史》以为“当是时,昭王四十一年也”(中华书局1982年版,第106页)。据《史记·范雎蔡泽列传》,可以理解“昭王已立三十六年”时,开始考虑削弱宣太后的权势。这位女子执政长久,秦人取得的“南拔楚之鄢郢,楚怀王幽死于秦。秦东破齐”,以及“数困三晋”等成就,都是在“秦太后、穰侯用事,……卒无秦王”的阶段实现的,都可以看作宣太后时代秦人向东挺进的胜利。

在宣太后主政时期,秦史频见军事告捷与政治成功。据《史记·秦本纪》记载,自秦昭襄王元年(前306)至秦昭襄王三十六年(前271),对魏、韩、楚、齐、赵多次主动攻击,可统计的“斩首”记录合计43万。二十九年(前278)白起攻楚,占领郢,迫使“楚王走”。这是战国时期秦军远征第一次攻陷敌国都城。二十七年(前280))“司马错发陇西,因蜀攻楚黔中”,三十年(前277)“蜀守若伐楚,取巫郡,及江南为黔中郡”,都是在远离秦本土关中的地方发起大规模进攻。后来指挥长平决战,歼灭赵军主力40余万人的名将白起,作为军事明星在宣太后时代即已开始上升。“十三年,……左更白起攻新城”,“十四年,左更白起攻韩、魏于伊阙,斩首二十四万”,“二十七年,……白起攻赵”,二十八年(前279)和二十九年(前278)“攻楚”,白起已经以“大良造”身份统率远征军了。在“取郢”之后,白起得到了“武安君”的封号。

秦昭襄王九年(前298),“孟尝君薛文来相秦”,是秦国引入东方人才推动行政进步的特例。这一历史记录的真实性得到秦东陵1号墓出土文物的证明。“十年,楚怀王入朝秦,秦留之。”十一年(前296),秦抗击了“齐、韩、魏、赵、宋、中山”联军的进犯,又与韩、魏单独媾和,使得攻秦军事同盟解体。十七年(前290)“东周君来朝”,二十九年(前278)“周君来”,则都是重要的外交成功。十二年(前295),“予楚粟五万石”,是战国时期规模最大的一次国际物资援助。

商鞅变法显著推动了秦富国强兵的进程。但正如司马迁所说:“商君,其天资刻薄人也。”其诸多言行“亦足发明商君之少恩矣”。他感叹道:“卒受恶名于秦,有以也夫!”(《史记·商君列传》)商鞅在秦“受恶名”,但是正如《韩非子·定法》所说:“及孝公、商君死,惠王即位,秦法未败也。”宣太后亲身经历过“车裂商君”事件,对于秦惠文王处死商鞅但坚持贯彻“商君法”的政策把握可能有较深层次的理解。《韩非子·和氏》:“商君车裂于秦。……秦行商君法而富强。”《韩非子·问田》也说:“秦行商君而富强。”宣太后时代仍然坚持了“行商君法”的政治方向。著名的蔡泽与范雎的对话,七次说到“商君”,都认为他“极身无贰虑,尽公而不顾私”,“为人臣尽忠致功”。蔡泽甚至赞誉商鞅:“为主安危修政,治乱强兵,批患折难,广地殖谷,富国足家,强主,尊社稷,显宗庙,天下莫敢欺犯其主,主之威盖震海内,功彰万里之外,声名光辉传于千世。”又说:“夫商君为秦孝公明法令,禁奸本,尊爵必赏,有罪必罚,平权衡,正度量,调轻重,决裂阡陌……是以兵动而地广,兵休而国富,故秦无敌于天下,立威诸侯,成秦国之业。功已成矣,而遂以车裂。”(《史记·范雎蔡泽列传》)可见宣太后时代秦国的社会舆论,对商鞅的“忠”与“功”是正面肯定并给予同情。宣太后因推行“商君法”非常坚定,对商鞅的认识和评价也许较秦惠文王时代更为客观公允。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
上一页2/4下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/culture/11170645/20160121/21227875_2.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/02/28 01:00:36

Powered by China
China