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撒马尔罕的金桃:想象中的盛世唐朝

2016-04-18 11:02:57   新京报

一群趋利避害的外国商人和一个喜欢阿谀奉承的所谓“大国”之间的买卖,这才是“好消息”背后的真相,当读到这段引文时,我们几乎可以听到隐藏在文字背后的那声优雅的哂笑。

这声戳穿想象的微笑来自于一位真正严谨审慎的汉学家和一位优雅而广识的博物学家薛爱华(Edward Hetzel Schafer),他将这些远道来唐的外国舶来品以及唐帝国对它们记述,还有史家检视考证下的真相,巧妙地分门别类,汇聚在《撒马尔罕的金桃:唐代舶来品研究》这本唐代外来文明的百科全书之中,从某种程度上说,这本书本身就成为了一个世界,一个真实和想象水乳交融在一起的奇幻世界。

衰朽帝国的幻梦

一如这本书的书名“撒马尔罕的金桃”,这种来自撒马尔罕(唐代称为“康国”,撒马尔罕是蒙元帝国征服该地后,将前代国名易以蒙古语而取的名字)的“大如鹅卵,其色如金”的“金桃”,也许在唐代是某种真实的存在,但对今人来说,已然是“一种玄虚神妙的实体”,它存活于诗文和譬喻之中,存在于后世读到这段记载的人的想象之中,它已然成为了一种想象之物。我们尽可能去理想化这些所谓“贡品”是如何之珍稀和神奇,又是如何彰显了那个早已不在的盛世帝国自诩的“四方朝贡”的神圣和威严。

恰如薛爱华在书中所写道的,大部分关于这些外国进贡的奇珍异宝的记载,实际上都来自于九世纪,在那时,盛世早已不再,那些本就逐利而来的“朝贡国”也纷纷弃它而去,衰朽的帝国在现实中遭遇着内忧外困的噬咬而遍体鳞伤,唯有在想象之海中浸泡才能缓解病痛。那个时代的文士将想象的目光投向八世纪,唐玄宗治下的开元天宝时代被形容成无所不能的时代。

我们可以举出大量九世纪文人笔记来证明这一点:《明皇杂录》、《开元天宝遗事》、《杜阳杂编》、《酉阳杂俎》,这里的故事大都怪异荒诞,但却能够满足时人对一个逝去的美好时代的想象。在一则笔记中,龟兹国进奉的一枚“其色如玛瑙,温温如玉,其制作甚朴素”的枕头,只要枕着它进入梦乡,“则十洲三岛、四海五湖,尽在梦中所见”。

对已逝盛世的想象幻梦,温暖了这个老朽帝国的最后岁月,伴随着曾经盛极一时的帝国溺毙于时间的海洋中,被战争的火焰所焚化。被薛爱华用作书名来形容这个想象时代的撒马尔罕,最终也难逃残忍的轮回,被蒙古征服者的铁蹄踏践四碎。尽管距离本书所记载的年代又过了两个世纪之久,但作为这本书记述的真实与想象之物的开端,在此引用志费尼歌咏撒马尔罕覆灭的诗句也许恰如其分,因为真实消失之日,正是想象开始之时:

“心儿哟,不要呻吟,

因为尘世仅仅是幻影;

灵魂哟,不要悲伤,

因为凡间仅仅是虚无”

本版撰文/李夏恩

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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