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两人为数不多的独处中,双方并不协调的反应也成为关系恶化的催化剂。其中一次是1766年1月休谟陪卢梭到英国的途中在睡梦里大叫“我留住了让-雅克·卢梭”,让因担心受迫害而四处流浪的卢梭惊出一身冷汗。另外一次是1766年3月双方在已缺乏信任的情况下半敞心扉至相拥而泣,随后在一系列因素的作用下,双方关系急剧恶化:卢梭认为休谟是欧洲大陆存在的旨在迫害、诋毁他的反卢梭联盟的同伙,认定休谟是两面三刀、口蜜腹剑的伪君子;休谟则认为卢梭是冷酷无情、忘恩负义的怪物和恶棍。为此,卢梭以其特有的文采写了几乎让人窒息的与休谟的绝交信,休谟则将他的辩护及相关材料以《对大卫·休谟与让-雅克·卢梭之间纷争的一种详细的说明》为名,分别以法文和英文在法国和英国出版。1767年5月,卢梭离开英国。卢梭与休谟的关系就这样以悲剧收场。
事件本身已让人匪夷所思,却又因以下几个原因而被剧烈放大,在整个启蒙时代产生剧烈震动并以其持久不衰的影响而一直受人关注。
首先是两人的个性及其中隐含的不协调。卢梭向以敏感、自尊著称,甚至有些神经质。再加上因其著作中包含的诸多石破天惊的观点而受到来自政府和教会的驱赶、恐吓、迫害,来自先前友人的误解、嘲讽乃至围攻,来自受蛊惑的普通民众的憎恨、攻击,他就更加敏感多疑,认为周围所有人都在陷害他,这也被人称为“被迫害妄想狂”,导致他与当时几乎所有的启蒙哲人闹翻,张扬的伏尔泰就不用说了,甚至连狄德罗、达朗贝尔、霍尔巴赫等人都成为卢梭心目中的敌人。
休谟虽是当时公认的“好人大卫”,善良宽厚,坦诚和蔼,但他同时还有另一个鲜明的特点:极其重视名声。正是这一特点,使他在认定受到卢梭误会及自认为认清卢梭“真面目”后利用一切机会四处辩护、散播自己与卢梭关系的细节,并在几件事上明显反应过度乃至处心积虑地转守为攻、步步紧逼,直接加重了与卢梭的误解和分歧,使他们的反目几乎不可避免且迅速恶化。
从后来出版的《休谟书信集》中可看出,在与卢梭不和后,他急欲证明自身清白而四处写信,而他写信的对象多为卢梭认定的“巴黎的敌人们”。巴黎的轩然大波反过来增加了卢梭对他的怀疑。在他们的关系闹得满城风雨时,他又不顾劝阻执意将为自己辩护的小册子在巴黎和英国出版,更进一步恶化了两人关系并扩大了事件的影响,其所作所为与其一贯的宽厚本性大相径庭。
卢梭的自尊敏感甚至神经质,早已尽人皆知;而以“好人大卫”著称的休谟在与卢梭的纷争中出人意料地表现着实让时人及后人困惑不解。这也是本书所着力解决的问题,而这个事件也成为了解两位大思想家独特个性的典型案例。
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