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犯罪学家眼中的“犯罪的捕兽器”

2016-03-21 11:11:09   东方早报

但是在我看来,更精彩和更有启发性的是充满在论述过程中的客观而深刻的主题分析,这些分析常常溢出狭义的犯罪学研究的边界。例如第二部分的第九章“政治犯罪”、第十四章“政治和统治精英的犯罪”以及导论的第三节“犯罪率与政治投机”,都可以看作“犯罪政治学”的精辟文本。还有就是充满在论述过程中的事实描述和技术性分析,当它们与数以万计的数据和深刻的主题分析糅合在一起,足以产生强烈的阅读与思考快感,虽然不少翻译文字还可以推敲得更好些。

作者在第九章指出,俄罗斯法学界早就使用“政治犯罪”这个术语,也出版了不少直接或间接研究苏联时期的政治犯罪的著作。所谓的“政治犯罪”可以分成三类:一,个人或集团出于政治动机对合法的国家及宪法制度和合法的国家领导人实施的犯罪;二,个人或集团出于政治动机对自己的政治竞争者实施的犯罪;三,统治集团为了自己的政治目的而对人民、某些政党和具体个人实施的犯罪(294页)。关于苏联那个特定时期的“政治犯罪”的历史和实质,作者的大体概括是:大规模镇压完全取决于政治和意识形态的变化,“绝大部分人事实上并没有实施任何反革命行为,而只是在某种程度上表现出对当局的不同意(譬如说因为贫困而拒绝认买公债)。被镇压者中的主要部分既没有实施任何应受刑事惩罚的行为,也没有表现出对当局的不满。他们遭到政治镇压是由于社会出身、参加了布尔什维克以外其他政党、观点独立自主,等等”。从犯罪学的另一角度来看,“犯罪问题的政治化严重地歪曲了执法机关的执法活动,把执法机关从法律秩序的守卫者变成了它的粉饰者,从一种为社会和人民服务的体系变成了为自己部门和上司服务的机制……”(10页)那么,“对于当代犯罪学家、社会学家、政治学家而言,‘政治犯罪’标志性意义的重要性在于它是非罪化的犯罪,是当局针对人民实施的犯罪”(291页)。这就是犯罪学有别于其他学科的重要视角。

卢涅耶夫对苏联解体之后所出现局面及其原因的论述更值得我们深思。他指出当时暴民政治成为不受社会控制的力量,随之而来的是急剧增长的暴力、犯罪和民族冲突。他认为正是作为苏联改革的主要设计者雅科夫列夫等人的短见、片面、过于乐观和不负责任而导致混乱与八月政变。他引用雅科夫列夫自己的话说:“我没有预料到改革的全部复杂性。在现实的俄罗斯生活中实现民主需要付出巨大和长久的努力,但是这一点我没有马上意识……我当时相信,只要把自由还给俄罗斯人民,他们就会醒来,就会崛起……”(151页)当然,我们早已不会有这样的轻信,但是对改革的复杂性的确要有更为复杂的和现实的考量。在卢涅耶夫这样的犯罪学家眼中,从历史到现实都布满了“犯罪的捕兽器”;在自由与安全之间,人类唯一的出路就是在保障公民权利的前提下扩大和深化对犯罪的社会法律控制。

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