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18世纪英国曾出现“洋除四害运动”:渡鸦险被杀绝

2016-04-22 09:36:01   凤凰历史

躺着一位被杀下盾的骑士……”

——英国民谣

19世纪的哥特小说将伦敦塔作为故事的背景也是在所难免,即使没有经过润色加工,炮塔、鬼故事、秘密和腐朽都遍布全塔,这里面盛产暴君和遇难少女的故事。哈里森·安斯沃斯(HarrisonAinsworth)的《伦敦塔》(1840年首次发表)将这一类型的故事改编成了民族史诗,尽管许多批评家曾提出质疑,但是没能妨碍公众对此书的喜爱。由于作者对伦敦塔做了极细致的描写,这本书也被当成了旅游指南,书里的一些故事也逐渐演变成为今日伦敦塔的卖点。

在讲到简·格雷被斩首之前的情景时,安斯沃斯描述道:“食腐的小嘴鸦和渡鸦的鸟群,被它们可怕的直觉吸引而来,在人们头顶上空盘旋,落在秃树的枯枝干上,它们凄厉的叫声,为此情此景增添了几分阴郁的色彩。”乔治·克鲁克香(GeorgeCruikshank)为此书首版所作的插图描绘了这样一幅场景,一群乌黑的大鸟聚集在伦敦塔绞刑架的四周,等候死刑的执行。

至少是从19世纪80年代起,人们开始将伦敦塔渡鸦与塔里一片被称为“绞刑架”的区域联系起来。现在,这片区域由一块黄铜牌匾标示,并注释道:“绞刑架曾立于此地……”随后附上了那7位著名的死刑犯的名单,其中就包括安妮·波琳(AnneBoleyn)、简·格雷、罗伯特·德弗罗伯爵(RobertDevereux)。1861年,阿尔伯特亲王走访了伦敦塔并表示女王想亲自参观一下处死安妮·波琳的刑场。真正的刑场位于伦敦塔东面的军械库前,而这个地点,如今则被刻在了圣彼得及温库拉小教堂(ChapelofStPeteradVincula)前的大石头上。这一纪念遗址立刻成为伦敦塔的主要旅游景点,并于1864年开始被围栏保护了起来。到了20世纪初期,它又被宣称是几场死刑共同的绞刑架所在地,而渡鸦,作为尸体的清道夫,则被用来强化残杀的戏剧色彩。

最早的两幅关于伦敦塔渡鸦的图像记载同时出现于1883年,很可能也是渡鸦最初被引进伦敦塔的年份。其中一幅由约翰·奥康纳(JohnO‘Connor)所作的绘画,没有任何评论文字,看起来是碰巧出现在了1883年7月14日出版的《图像世界》(PictorialWorld)一份关于伦敦塔的专题副刊上,画面中描绘了一只大鸟出现在纪念牌旁,很可能是作为绞刑架地点的隐喻。虽然这只鸟的特征不是特别明显,但是它漆黑的羽毛、庞大的躯体说明这是一只渡鸦。

第二幅画则出现在菲利克斯·李(FelixLeigh)的童书《伦敦》(London)里,由托马斯·克兰(ThomasGrane)和埃伦·霍顿(EllenHoughton)所绘,随图附注的可能是出版物里最早的关于伦敦塔渡鸦的描述。图片中的两只渡鸦被描绘在绿塔(TowerGreen)的周围,而这个地点和约翰·奥康纳的版本十分相近。其中一只在草坪边翻土,另外一只则镇定自若地单脚立于地面,带着几分虎视眈眈的神情。在它们右边的不远处是一位名叫普鲁(Prue)的小女孩,这本书的女主人公,她来伦敦游玩。在普鲁的身后是她的父母,神色庄严并且盛装打扮,正从臭名昭著的比彻姆塔(BeauchampTower)出来。图片中最显著的位置描绘了一位伦敦塔守卫,全副盛装,手指向渡鸦,正在讲些什么。一条小狗正躲在他的身后,还有位小女孩,比普鲁小很多,紧紧地抓住了守卫的裤腿。图释上这样写道:

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