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柳如是:她的职业够不够格称其高级“名妓“?

2016-01-13 12:52:38   中华网文化

  三十年前,我组织过梅畹华写他的传记,我的希望是通过他个人的经历,记录或表现出清末至解放这个历史时代的一个侧面。他后来写出了一部未完的《舞台生活四十年》。有些人的意见是生活谈得多了,也就是说艺术谈得少了,不过我想,这本书的价值所在似乎多半还是谈生活的那些处所吧。

不管类比得怎样不伦,柳如是和梅兰芳,无疑都是很典型的历史人物。一个生活在封建社会的后期,一个则活动于半封建半殖民地社会的末期,在新中国还活跃了十来年,两者都是生活在天翻地覆的大时代,社会的变革都是激烈而巨大的。两人的具体身份又都使他们有可能接触十分广阔的社会面。通过他们的个人活动,具体地、深刻地认识当时的社会,那条件都是十分优越的。

柳如是也是有艺术才能和表现的吧?她写过一些诗词,留下了一卷《尺牍》,都很有特色,也都是不会磨灭的。她作为一个“名妓”,应该也有些吹弹歌舞的本领,不过我说不清,她有一幅《月堤烟柳图》的卷子流传下来,后面还有钱牧斋的题跋,我见过照片,却实在幼稚得很。不用说,这一切比起她的生活实践来,都是微不足道的。

正如“学成文武艺,货与帝王家”是封建社会读书人的口号一般,学得吹拉弹唱,“普天下服侍看官”,则是妓女、歌女……一切最下层的受迫害者的呻吟。两者之间,有被迫与自愿的不同,相同的是都有货色“出卖”,男的卖“艺”,女的就只有卖淫。卖淫也有三六九等的,明末秦淮就分旧院和宁院、猪市(或作朱市)许多等级,解放前上海也曾有长三、么二……许多名色。柳如是是属于高级的名妓,虽然身份不同,但努力方向是并不两样的,她们都要想方设法早日跳出火坑。说得好听些就是“选婿”。

明末名妓选婿的故事,人们是并不陌生的,像“杨云友三嫁董其昌”,至今川戏里还保留着这样的节目。她们大抵要选择怎样的对象,她们采取一些怎样的手法去捕获对象……这一切,如果加以细密的研究,是会发现许多有价值的启示的。首先,依据当时的标准,怎样的对象,才算得上是头等的?大致说来,不外乎官僚、地主、名士,但当资本主义萌芽已有相当发展的时候,商人也挤进来了,不过地位还是虚弱的。名士的得以跻身其间,原因是他们或者本身就是大地主,或者可以向大官僚转化。名士本身倒并没有什么分量。

记得野史中记如是最早出身于盛泽的归家院,她本姓杨,名爱,柳则是“寓姓”,最早见于记载和她关系亲密的腻客是复社党魁张西铭(溥),这是很重要的线索,说明在她开始进入社会之际就和晚明的政治圈子发生了关系。接下去又一个著名的故事是,如是儒生打扮,到松江去拜访陈卧子,递上名片自称“女弟”,她是想下嫁给陈子龙的。这一段因缘又没有成就,野史说什么陈子龙“性严峻不易近”,看来并不是真正的原因。

  …………



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