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流亡与避难——二战中的犹太人与当今的难民潮

2016-09-19 08:43:52   东方早报

土地将碎成小块的骨头、牙齿、物品和纸张扔出地面,它不愿为自己保守秘密。这些东西位于土地的新伤口上,位于永远无法愈合的伤口上。看,那儿有撕了一半的衬衫、裤子、鞋子,发了霉的雪茄、怀表的零件、生锈的刀具、毛巾等等。那儿有盘子、杯子、孩子的玩具等许多其他东西。那儿似乎有一只看不见的手,故意将东西从地里面抽出来,有撕掉一半的外国护照,保加利亚语的记事本、在华沙和维也纳拍摄的儿童照,写着笨拙的儿童字体的便笺,一本小诗集,写在发黄制片上的祷告,一张来自德国的定量供应的纸片……在这一切之上,始终笼罩着浓重的火烧过的烟雾,久久不愿散去。地面上到处爬满了成千上万的苍蝇。我们继续在特雷布林卡肥沃的土地上前行。我们突然停住脚步。金色鬈发,稀疏的浅色女童头发,躺在地面上,已经被搅烂了。还有其他头发,深深浅浅的颜色。这或许极有可能是一大包人的头发,应该是寄到德国来的。然而这一切却是真的。最后一丝大胆的希望破碎了,真希望这只是一场梦。似乎看到了这一切,人心由于伤心和疼痛都留下来了……

德国的责任与担当

我想在德国对两次世界大战的历史责任、犹太人大屠杀和对因种族和宗教原因遭迫害的战争难民之命运的责任之间建立关联。上世纪三四十年代的犹太人逃亡到上海是荒谬的,但上海几乎是唯一的避难地,那儿诞生的报纸应当作为背景,让这样一种无法撤销的道德、政治和国家责任具有当下现实意义。德国的当代政治讨论表明,在尊重事实和实践意义的界线上接纳难民是必要的。首先应当承认的是政治责任和由此产生的道德义务,接下来才能探讨道路和条件,确定接纳能力的边界。除此之外,已提到的痛苦的特雷布林卡语句是我们的表述,无法撤销。但公众讨论的特点则是一种无法容忍的历史遗忘,触及到我们个人人性和普遍政治的自我理解的基础。

几位中国知识分子曾在私人谈话中明确表示,他们认为联邦总理默克尔和无数其他德国人对待难民问题的态度,意味着为一个新德国盖上印章:两次世界大战和犹太人大屠杀后,它涉及一种对联邦德国具有重要意义新的政治品质。它是除二战后几十年来德国的多项政治功绩、经济成功和科技成果外,这个国家值得骄傲的又一原因。那些至少战后一代觉得不容易的东西,却很可能成为新的自我认识的完整组成部分。自豪和屈辱是并存的。

这些年来,“流亡和避难”这一大议题也是大的象征性姿态的时代,正因为这个议题大到可以改变德国的自我认识并为其打上新的烙印;且其程度不会影响两德统一。默克尔总理用两句核心的、政治的且与她个人紧密相连的话——“我必须坦白地讲,如果我们从现在开始还需要为在危难中展现友善的脸而道歉,那么这就不是我的国家”和“我们能做到”来表明立场,决定了难民政策中的联邦德国的道路和她自己的道路。这个国家现在的任务是,完成摆在面前的行政管理任务:将具有避难资格的难民与那些须重新遣返回国的难民区分开来。同时,国家须展现,自己能够应对由无法控制的难民入境而引起的恐怖主义危险。

人们看到:一切都没有尘埃落定。政治局势陷入动荡,没有人可以真正估量,哪些新的权力关系会产生,又将去向何处。局势动荡本质上来说是一件好事,因为我们的现实也在发生变化,如果人们愿意妥善应对国家政治、经济、技术环境的变化,那么它有利于人们重新掌握本国境况。社会如果没有能力对变化的现实做出合理的反应,那么可以说社会已经开始颓败。

但是,这同样是一个尝试粗暴地抓紧当下的时代,受到不理智的、受利益驱使的民粹主义的支持,这一民粹主义甚至能够将成熟、模范的民主牵引至歧途。抓紧当下与彻底颠覆现有的东西一样粗暴。人民流露出恐惧(是被煽动的),害怕因为难民而失去所习惯的东西。对纳粹赞赏的源头来自高失业率,而复仇主义的思想则与一战的凡尔赛条约有关。这一切现在都不存在了。但似乎有一种非理性的担忧蔓延开来,外来的东西可能会搅乱习惯的生活,新的东西可能会替代熟悉的旧事物。没错,人们或许会失去可靠的财富,失去身份认同。面对这些变化,须有明确的、接纳想留在德国的难民的法律条件,须有明确的、具有强迫手段的要求,比如遵守法规、学习德语、让自己能胜任工作岗位。人们尚能期待,社会、政治和国家有能力走上道德义务和政治实用主义之间的正确道路,显示自己有能力应对新的任务,即成为避难之地。

马绎、刘媛译


责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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