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郑培凯谈汤显祖与莎士比亚逝世四百周年

2016-07-18 09:36:24   东方早报

郑培凯:昆曲可以说是九死一生,它的传承很辛苦。昆曲很雅,很上层,是艺术的高峰,规矩很多。如果要类比,就是皇家莎士比亚剧院里演出的东西。过去那会,从明末到清末,昆曲还没什么问题,因为上层是支持的,有固定的观众群,有固定的供养者。就像西方的歌剧,过去有贵族提倡,后来有资产阶级附庸风雅,就是养起来的。有一批高雅的人觉得要养着,以配合社会精英的地位。到了清末民初,慈禧太后喜欢京戏,昆曲就被宫廷抛弃了。但一些艺术成就被京戏吸收了,所以那时候的京剧名角基本都有昆曲的训练。像梅兰芳在《舞台生活四十年》中就说得很清楚,他是怎么学昆曲的。后来兴起了新文化运动,一切旧剧都受到新知识分子的摒弃。可是这些新知识分子小时候的成长环境是有戏剧氛围的,他们还是听戏、看戏的。再往后的新式学生,是由这些倾向西方现代化的新知识分子教的,被灌输了旧剧落伍的观念,就很少去看了。这样两三代之后,对传统戏曲就产生了断层的隔阂,只认话剧了。

抗日战争爆发之后,社会一直处在动荡局面,长期衰落的昆曲更是雪上加霜,凋零得厉害。到了解放战争后期,全中国职业演艺的昆曲班,只剩下一个走江湖的昆剧班,而且是苏剧昆剧两下锅的国风苏剧团,很穷,人称“讨饭班”。班主是朱国樑,台柱是周传瑛、王传淞——苏州的文化人与资本家在1920年代,见到昆曲濒危,害怕这个艺术传统会遭到绝灭的命运而成立了昆剧传习所,培养了一批科班演员,其中就包括这些传字辈的演员。他们承先启后,使得昆曲得以传承下来。国风苏昆剧团,就是后来浙江昆剧团的前身。到了1950年代,负责华东文化工作的领导知道这些传统戏剧的濒危处境,就由国家出面支持,成立了华东戏剧训练班,培养了现在上昆的不少人,如蔡正仁、计镇华、华文漪、岳美缇、梁谷音、刘异龙。在杭州的国风剧团一直都经营得很辛苦,后来排了一个戏叫《十五贯》,进京演出,一下子就红了。接着全国巡演,就有了《人民日报》宣扬的“一出戏救活了一个剧种”,昆曲就这么活了下来。可好景不长,“文革”的时候,演员下放的下放,唱样板戏的唱样板戏,“文革”结束之后,剧团才再度绝处逢生,重新演出、招生、培养新人。

回顾这段历史,真的是令人感叹。昆剧的存活,简直就像洋人说的猫有九条命,好几次差点就完全断绝了演出传承。没了演出,就没有昆曲传承,它也就不会被列入联合国教科文组织的世界非物质文化遗产的第一批名录了。浙江昆剧团的朋友时常跟我说,5月18日是个黄道吉日,因为1956年《人民日报》刊登了“一出戏救活了一个剧种”,给奄奄一息的昆曲打了强心针,使得昆剧团在国内的文化体系中有了立足之地。2001年5月18日,联合国教科文组织公布第一批世界非物质文化遗产,所列的第一项就是中国的昆曲。这振奋了所有昆曲人的心,让他们感到毕生的艰苦奋斗,终于得到了全世界的认可,真的是“功不唐捐”。每次听他们提起这些事,语气都心存感激,我就感到有点心酸。

在清末民初的中国社会,京戏与地方戏还很蓬勃,因为它们不是最上层传统精英的雅兴,民间还有一大批观众喜欢,老百姓习惯在日常生活中以地方戏为乐。但高雅的艺术呢,一旦被上层传统精英和新式知识分子抛弃,就难以生存了。以我为例,我父母还是喜欢看京戏的,而我年轻的时候就喜欢外国的东西,喜欢实验性的小剧场。我大学时期特别喜欢带有反讽意味的荒诞剧,如贝克特、尤奈斯科。直到很晚,到了1990年代,我回台湾教书,因为台湾解除了戒严令,两岸开始文化交流,我才有机会接触浙江与上海昆剧团的正式演出,才意识到昆曲实在是很美,美不胜收。真像白居易《长恨歌》中描写的“仙乐风飘处处闻”,“缓歌慢舞凝丝竹”,我受到了心灵上的震撼——以前听说有这样美好的东西,文献上也读到过,做梦时好像也见过,现在真的亲眼看到了。汤显祖《牡丹亭·寻梦》里有这么一段曲文:“那书生可意呵,咱不是前生爱眷,又素平生半面。则道来生出现,乍便今生梦见。”表达了杜丽娘梦中遇到书生柳梦梅,一见钟情,内心那种缱绻复杂的心情,好像前世就已经注定,而今生却真的遇上了,不禁令人怀疑是否冥冥之中早有定数。虽说昆曲已经离开了生死存亡的困境,但很多人其实都没机会接触,不容易看到。这一点我很佩服白先勇。当时我们一起制作青春版《牡丹亭》,我负责学术及文化影响这一块,对年轻人的文化态度做调查。从目前来说,青春版《牡丹亭》是比较好的演出,年轻人能接受,而且从中感受到了传统审美的境界。所以,许多朋友都参与昆曲活动,要保证这么优美的东西不死掉。我记得,2001年联合国教科文组织把昆曲列入世界非物质文化遗产时,香港的报纸要报道这个事情,但编辑部里没人知道昆剧是怎么回事,就打电话给我。我深有感慨,后来接连两天,写了两大版的介绍,其中提到,昆曲是中国表演艺术的瑰宝,居然要等到国际的赞扬,国人才开始珍惜。说起来,真是有点“挟洋自重”。

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