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《辽史》的纂修与整理

2016-05-08 08:34:47   

后来虞集提出了一个回避争论的设想:“间与同列议三史之不得成,盖互以分合论正统,莫克有定。今当三家各为书,各尽其言而覈实之,使其事不废可也,乃若议论则以俟来者。诸公颇以为然。”即主张三史各自成书,各为正统,这一动议的提出,大约是文宗时期的事情。直到至正三年(1343),时任中书右丞相的脱脱领衔纂修三史都总裁,才最终采纳了这种意见。《庚申外史》卷上云:“先是诸儒议论三国正统,久不决。至是脱脱独断曰:‘三国各与正统,各系其年号。’议者遂息。”其中《辽史》由廉惠山海牙、王沂、徐昺、陈绎曾四人分撰。自至正三年四月至次年三月,前后费时不到一年,《辽史》就率先告成。五年,《辽史》与《金史》同时下江浙、江西行省雕版刷印,“各印造一百部”,此即《辽史》的最早版本——元至正初刻本。

今本《辽史》的缺陷

元人所修《辽史》大概是以金陈大任《辽史》为蓝本,参以辽耶律俨《皇朝实录》、元代伪书《契丹国志》以及其他一些宋代文献而成的。由于辽代文献本身记载欠详,加之元朝史官杂抄史料,仓促成书,使得这部《辽史》存在许多问题,前人历来评价不高,如清代学者顾炎武、钱大昕、赵翼及四库馆臣等都曾指陈过它的缺陷,而尤以近人冯家昇的批评最为尖锐:“今之廿四史,以《辽史》成书最速,亦以《辽史》为最劣。”概括起来说,《辽史》存在的主要问题,可以归纳为以下两个方面。

第一,记事每多疏漏,史实不乏错误。在历代正史中,记事疏漏、史实错误之类的问题本不足为奇,不过《辽史》的情况显得比较极端。元修《辽史》之所以屡遭后人诟病,这是一个重要的原因。如辽朝曾经先后几次更改国号,但《辽史》中却仅能见到太宗大同元年(947)“建国号大辽”的惟一一条记载,故清代学者在这一点上屡屡指责《辽史》的疏漏。钱大昕《廿二史考异》云:“按辽自太宗建国号大辽;至圣宗统和元年,去辽号,仍称大契丹;道宗咸雍二年,复称大辽。《辽史》皆没而不书。”赵翼《廿二史劄记》也指出说:“《辽史》又有太疏漏者。《东都事略》记辽太宗建国大辽,圣宗即位,改大辽为大契丹,道宗又改大契丹为大辽。改号复号,一朝大事,而《辽史》不书。”《四库全书总目》《辽史》提要亦讥评《辽史》“于国号之更改尚未详也”。又如关于契丹建国年代也是一个很典型的例子,据《辽史·太祖纪》记载,耶律阿保机于公元907年称帝建国,后于916年建元神册。但根据今天的研究,阿保机在907年仅仅是取代遥辇氏可汗成为契丹部落联盟长,至916年才称帝建元,建立大契丹国。诸如建国年代及更改国号这样政治史上的头等大事,抑或语焉不详,或记载不确,《辽史》之疏漏,莫此为甚。不过,《辽史》存在的这些问题恐怕不能简单归咎于元朝史官,而主要是原始史料的欠缺所造成的。辽朝的修史制度很不完备,已知第一部官修史书是成书于统和九年的室昉《实录》,时距契丹建国已有七八十年之久,属于事后追述,自然难免疏漏。

第二,篇幅过于简略,内容多有重复。辽朝立国二百余载,若算上耶律大石建立的西辽则近三百年,其历史不可谓不长;统治范围南达燕云汉地,北至蒙古高原,其空间不可谓不广。反观元人所修《辽史》,虽有一百十六卷之多,但由于每卷篇幅很短,内容显得相当简略。若与同时修成的《金史》和《宋史》做一比较,即可看出《辽史》卷帙的单薄。《金史》一百三十六卷,文字至少比《辽史》要多出一倍;《宋史》四百九十六卷,文字大约是《辽史》的十倍。而在这有限的篇幅中,内容又多有重复。四库馆臣对此多有批评:“如每年游幸,既具书于本纪矣,复为《游幸表》一卷;部族之分合,既详述于《营卫志》矣,复为《部族表》一卷;属国之贡使,亦具见于本纪矣,复为《属国表》一卷;义宗之奔唐,章肃之争国,既屡见于纪、志、表矣,复屡书于列传;文学仅六人,而分为两卷;伶官、宦官本无可纪载,而强缀三人。”这些批评不是没有道理的。实际上,除了陈大任《辽史》和耶律俨《皇朝实录》原有的篇目外,元人新立的某些志、表、传,往往是由本纪、列传中的相关内容摘录而成的。如《百官志》《食货志》的内容大都可以从纪、传中找到出处,且由于抄取不当,内容或有重出。又如元朝史官新设的《二国外记》(包括《高丽传》和《西夏传》),也明显是摘抄诸帝纪的相关内容而杂糅成篇的。由于《辽史》本身篇幅就很简略,加之内容又多重复,这样就不免会脱漏许多重要的史实。

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