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《辽史》的纂修与整理

2016-05-08 08:34:47   

此次《辽史》修订摒弃了原来“工作本”的做法,严格遵循以百衲本为底本的原则,用明初内廷朱丝栏钞本及《永乐大典》残本进行通校,以南、北监本和乾隆殿本进行参校,并参考吸收了文渊阁《四库全书》本和道光殿本的《考证》内容。

 

《永乐大典》所引《辽史》

百衲本《辽史》

南监本《辽史》

辽朝疆域

李赞华(即东丹王耶律倍)《射骑图》

研究辽代历史最大的困难就是史料匮乏。尽管契丹立国两百余年(907-1125),但存留至今系统记载辽朝一代史事的可靠文献,惟有一部篇幅不大的《辽史》而已。且从辽人编修本国史至今本《辽史》之纂成,又经历了一个非常曲折的过程。

辽朝的“实录”编纂

辽朝修史制度不甚健全,虽有修起居注、日历的记载,但似未形成制度,亦未成书,其官修史书仅有“实录”可考。据《辽史》记载,辽朝曾先后四次纂修实录。最早的一次由枢密使室昉监修,翰林学士承旨邢抱朴同修,于圣宗统和九年(991)撰进《实录》二十卷。第二次由南院大王耶律谷欲监领,命翰林都林牙耶律庶成、萧韩家奴等编集自契丹建国前遥辇可汗至兴宗重熙以来事迹,至重熙十三年(1044)亦修成《实录》二十卷。第三次是道宗大安元年(1085),史臣进太祖至兴宗七帝《实录》,卷数不详。第四次就是辽末耶律俨纂修《皇朝实录》七十卷。

《皇朝实录》编纂于辽道宗寿昌至天祚乾统年间。《辽史·耶律俨传》称俨寿昌中“修《皇朝实录》七十卷”,《王师儒墓志》谓师儒于寿昌六年(1100)授宣政殿大学士、判史馆事,时“国史已绝笔”。这里所说的“国史”就是指《皇朝实录》,可知《皇朝实录》纂成于道宗末年。而《辽史·天祚纪》乾统三年(1103)十一月,又有“召监修国史耶律俨纂太祖诸帝实录”的记载。照理说,寿昌六年成书的《皇朝实录》,其下限当止于兴宗朝,乾统三年再修实录,可能是命耶律俨续修道宗一朝。至于其最终成书时间,也有线索可寻。《天祚纪》乾统六年十二月有“封耶律俨为漆水郡王,余官进爵有差”的记载,虽未说明事由,但从时间及封爵对象来判断,估计此次封爵的起因很可能与《皇朝实录》成书进呈有关。

需要说明的是,辽朝所谓的“实录”,实际上是指纪传体的国史,而并非为每位皇帝单独修撰的编年体实录。据冯家昇《辽史源流考》研究,耶律俨《皇朝实录》篇目之可考者,既有从太祖至道宗的各朝帝纪,又有《部族志》《百官志》《礼志》《仪卫志》等专志,还有《后妃传》等列传。其他几部“实录”虽有记事详略的不同,但从它们的内容断限来判断,大概也都是纪传体的国史。熟悉中原王朝修史制度的人们也许会心存疑问,辽朝为何会将纪传体国史称为“实录”呢?其实这种情况在辽朝并不奇怪。由于契丹汉化程度有限,像这样误用汉式名词术语的现象在整个辽朝一代都是十分常见的。譬如,宰相、三师、三公、京师等名号的滥用就是很典型的例子。历代王朝的宰相都不是一个固定的官名,而是对某一类职官的通称,而契丹人却误将其当作一个固定的职官名称来使用,不仅在朝廷设置北府宰相、南府宰相作为北南面官系统中的高级官员,而且在国舅帐设有国舅宰相,诸京城设有诸京宰相,甚至在北面部族官中也广设宰相,可见其使用之滥。又如中原王朝的三师、三公名号,辽朝除用以授予大臣外,甚至还将“太师、太保、司徒、司空施于部族”。另外,“京师”一词在中原王朝是特指国都而言的,但由于辽朝实行四时捺钵制度,国家的政治中心并不在任何一个京城,所以当时人缺乏中原王朝那样的国都概念,对“京师”一词的使用也就相当宽泛,以致辽五京皆有“京师”之称。此外,辽太宗还误封其弟李胡为“皇太子”、道宗时人误称皇孙燕国王延禧为“皇子”,都很能说明问题。元朝史官将这种现象称之为“沿名之风”,所谓“沿名之风”主要是针对辽朝在汉化过程中简单机械地效仿汉制的做法而言的,指的是沿袭汉“名”而又“名”不副实的一类现象。由此我们也就不难理解,辽朝为何会将纪传体国史称之为“实录”。

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