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田仲一成谈战后日本的中国文学研究

2016-04-24 11:35:27   

日本的学科界限和研究分工还是十分严格,跨界,或者说借鉴其他学科研究方法的现象并不算普遍。研究文学的学者当然会考虑作者的哲学思想、时代背景,但是作家文学之所以产生的社会背景的问题,比如作品在怎样的社会结构生长出来,这方面文学研究者并不太关心。1960年代以后,从历史角度重视文学材料的学者越来越多,这是受到法国年鉴学派的影响,研究视野越来越开阔。1960年代,日本旧左派的简单研究模式出现很大的瓶颈,这时候学者更积极地摸索新的学术方法,尤其重视接收法国学术营养,此外计量经济学、人类学的研究方法也被普遍地接受。1970年代以后成长的学者,研究方法更为多样,眼光更为广大,我本人也受惠于这样的新学风。

您1950年代就投身于中国研究,哪一年才获得访问中国的机会?

田仲一成:长达二十多年,中国对我们一直是“雾中花”,1976年之后,中国政府开始接受友好团体的组团访问。东京大学的同仁听闻这个消息十分兴奋,就推选工学院的石井威望教授作为团长,通过中日友好协会向中国当局申请,行程获批之后由旅行社帮忙组团。1977年12月27日,东京大学的访问团到达北京,同团的还有尾上兼英、佐伯有一、斯波义信诸位教授。我们都是以中国研究为一生志业,首次踏足中国土地,看到闪闪发光的白桦林掩映下的人民中国,大家心情十分激动。这次访问主要考察中国的工业能力,坐火车前往沈阳、大庆、哈尔滨等东北工业基地。接待单位见到来访者都是老师,于是安排我们这些东京大学的教授到小学去参观,观看小学生表演革命歌舞。我们表示不满,后来才改为让我们参观吉林大学、辽宁大学、哈尔滨工业大学,我看到这些大学把许多书籍一捆捆堆放在走廊,“文革”期间大学的荒废,触目惊心。团长石井威望教授在长春制造汽车工厂观察了工人三班倒制度,看到工厂内部杂乱污染、万事依靠人力的情况,劝告工厂干部说,应该将生产组织改变为自动化机械,而且预言:“1960年代之后全世界已经进入自动大量机械制造的时代,而在这个进步的时代,中国一直在睡觉,仍然依靠人工人力,大大落后于世界工业水平。中国需要拼命努力,但只要努力,大概二十年之后,可以赶上世界前头。”现在看来,预言十分准确。

1978年7月,我们一帮东京大学中文毕业生又组了一个旅行团到中国访问。户川芳郎作为团长,同行的有尾上兼英、传田章、木山英雄等十六人。我们到洛阳、西安、杭州等地参观,圆了古代中国的文学梦。就像我前面所说的,我们这些1950年代的大学生从青年时期就熟读毛泽东著作,此行怀着“朝圣”的心情去韶山。在韶山的毛泽东故宅,我觉得拍照也无法充分表达那时那刻的激动心情,一连画了几张素描,这样才把当时的心情与景物深刻地描绘在脑海里。

我们外国人是不太了解“文革”期间中国人的辛苦的,当时亲眼所见无论哪个地方的中国人都穿着灰黑的人民服,我认为这是难得的“平等社会”,书本里所描绘的“社会主义社会”就是这个样子吧。

东京学派与京都学派

中国学界一直比较关心东京大学与京都大学的学风差异问题,您作为东京大学的中国文学研究的领军人物,能否简略介绍一下?

田仲一成:日本汉学本身的传统是以“日本本位”来研究中国,所做的学问是“为了日本人的汉学”,东京大学主要继承了这一传统。京都大学则是强调采用与中国一样的研究方法,更像是中国古典学特别是清代学术的延续者。比如京大学派的代表人物吉川幸次郎和仓石武四郎同时留学北京,都穿着青衫,戴着中国帽子,有日本人宾客访问他们时,两位教授向日本宾客说“贵国的某某”(指的是日本),而说“敝国的某某”(指的是中国)。他们讨厌东京传统的日本汉学,将自己彻底同化于中国人,毫无日本风气。当然这样的学风差异也跟两所大学的历史有关:作为国立大学的东京大学更早创立,自然而然代表着日本的主体意识,京都大学成立在后,在定位上与东大区分开来,于是以中国学问方法作为特色。

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