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天台宗“中兴之祖”湛然

2016-04-24 11:33:09   

湛然俗姓戚,本是晋陵荆溪人,后世称之为荆溪大师。他在唐开元十八年拜玄朗为师,据《宋高僧传》说,师傅玄朗第一次见到湛然的面,就觉得这位弟子不是一般人物,后来玄朗问湛然,你做过什么梦吗?湛然讲出了自己做的一个奇异之梦,玄朗听后大感高兴,认定这位第子今后必是弘传天台宗的重要人物。既然有这样的认定,那玄朗也就会尽心尽力地培养这位弟子。湛然果真不负师望:“心度诸禅,身不踰矩,三学俱炽,群疑日溃,求珠问影之类,稍见罔象之功行。止观之盛,始然之力也。”

而后,湛然努力学习天台经典,同时也学习其他宗的教义,比如他曾到会稽开元寺,跟着昙一学习律学,但在那些年,他已经深深体会到了天台宗的衰微。唐天宝十三年,玄朗圆寂了,面对天台宗在佛教界的处境,湛然发了许多的感慨,他跟弟子说,自己很明白现在推行天台宗教义,是何等之难,虽然如此,自己也要有大无畏的气概,以“舍我其谁”的姿态要振兴本宗。湛然不只是空发感慨,此后,他开始行动:“于是大启妙法,旁罗万行,尽摄诸相,入于无间。即文字以达观,导语默以还源,乃祖述所传,著为记文,凡数十万言,使一家圆顿之教,悉归于正。”(《佛祖统纪》)

上文说,湛然为了“祖述所传”,写了几十万字的“记文”。“记文”是佛教典籍中的一个专用词,用儒家的专用词来说,大约相当于“注疏”。而“记文”又分为两种:“科文”和“注释”,其中“科文”相当于现代的段落划分,而在“科文”的基础上对每段文进行“注释”,那就又等于上面说的“记文”了。湛然做这个是因为当初智顗所述、灌顶所记录下的文字基本上没有进行章节划分,这给阅读带来了一定的困难。湛然认为,如果这些书人们读不懂,那么天台宗的教义也就难以普及,所以他首先进行段落划分,然后再对艰深的部分予以注解。当年智顗的著作,也就是所说的“天台三大部”:《法华文句》《法华玄义》《摩诃止观》,湛然都分别做了相关的“记文”:《法华文句疏记》《法华文句科文》《法华玄义释籤》和《摩诃止观辅行传弘诀》。

但智顗的著作部头很大,有的一部书就有几十万字之多,当然少有人会认真地读下来,为此,湛然采取了另一个办法,那就是对智顗的著作进行缩编,比如他把《摩诃止观》缩编为《止观义例》,把天台宗的《宗经》《法华经》缩编为《法华大意》,同时也把自己的著作《法华玄义释籤》缩写为《十不二门》。另外,他还把一些天台著作改写为小册子,比如《始终心要》仅仅二百八十七字,不知道他将此书写得如此之短,是不是受了《心经》的影响。但是,这部《始终心要》却高度地概括了天台宗的“三谛三观三智三德”观念。

以上则是湛然对天台宗文献普及方面所做出的贡献,他采用了缩写和简便的办法,让人们很容易地学会天台宗的教义。那么,在教理方面,他同样也有自己的发明,尤其他通过发明一些观念,展开了对其他宗的批判。汤用彤说:“他还直接批判了慈恩、贤首、禅宗各家的理论。”

湛然对他宗的批判有些也是因为不得已的回击。比如唯识宗二祖窥基曾经写了篇《法华玄赞》,窥基在这部书中,有很多观念与天台宗相左,为此,湛然写了一部《法华五百问论》,此书就是指证《法华玄赞》中的五百处错误,而针对华严宗,湛然也写出了一部与之观点相对的书,书名叫《金刚錍》。“金刚錍”本是古印度的医师医治眼翳的工具,而眼翳大概相当于今天的白内障,湛然用这个医用工具作书名,就是以此来讽刺华严宗的人,就像得了白内障一样,看不清问题所在,而湛然想用这个金刚錍来给这些人治眼疾。湛然在这部书里,特别提到了一个独特的观念,那就是“无情有性说”。

湛然发明这个观念是针对华严宗澄观的“无情无佛性”而提出者。澄观的这个观点则来源于他所作的《华严大疏钞》:“《(涅槃)经》云:‘佛性除于瓦石’。”澄观引用《涅槃经》中的话来说明非生命的物质是不具有佛性者,比如石头、桌椅、房屋、树木等等,而湛然认为,佛性应当无所不在,世间的万物都应当有佛性,而这万物包括了生灵,当然也包括了各种非生命的物体。湛然最终得出结论:“心外无境,谁情无情!法华会中,一切不隔;草木与地,四微何殊。举足修途,皆趣宝渚,弹指合掌,咸成佛因。与一许三,无乖先志。”

录入编辑:王建亮

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