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李向平谈当代中国的民间信仰

2016-04-03 09:36:09   

学界对民间信仰的研究也在不断加深,这方面能介绍一下吗?

李向平:从学术研究上来说,国内外史学界、民俗、人类学界等都做过不少很有价值的研究。中国历史研究中的农民起义就回避不了民间信仰这个问题,但真正把民间信仰作为宗教学一分支研究,或乡村文化传统研究的,应该是1980年代以后的事情。三十年的改革开放,中国五大宗教都有不同程度的发展,同时也带动了民间信仰的活跃——它作为传统文化在乡村社会的根基之一,特别是中国乡村文化的重要组成。近年来,民间信仰活动的确也越来越活跃,乡村文化的改变需要新的表达,民间信仰正好适应了乡村文化和精神需求这一新的表达。这是学术界更多关注民间信仰的宏大背景。

一般研究特点是,研究民间信仰总有等而下之的感觉,它既上升不到宗教,也上升不到文化。学术界的研究与关注也有不同的出发点。有的研究集中于梳理民间信仰的来龙去脉,在民俗、传统文化、乡村生活方面高度评价民间信仰,认为它是乡村公共生活的纽带;或者是为民间信仰正名,认为它应该像目前的五大宗教一样获得制度认可和社会定位,而不仅仅关注于民间信仰的作用,争取信仰空间而已。此外,还有基于宗教生态平衡的研究,希望民间信仰能在乡村生活中成为主体,这是传统中国文化的根基所在云云。

除了上述研究,如何加强民间信仰的引导和管理也极其重要。有些信仰活动的确很浪费民间资源,有些地方确实存在“迷信”的泛滥,还有一些民间信仰也容易引起地方冲突,诸如风水等问题也能导致冲突,因庙会经济和香火经济引起的乡村械斗等等,需要法治化的规范管理。

依据我自己对民间信仰的研究,则是发现国家教化与民间信仰之间存在着一种特别的中介,这就是传统的神汉、巫婆、方士、礼生、阴阳师等等,当代的香头、灵媒、仙人等等。一般来说,这些人物是民间信仰各种组织及其活动的代表或牵头人,这些人物的地位、身份,及其与国家权力、地方精英之间的互动方式直接决定了民间中国的信仰方式。

香头,香客之头领,主要从事组织领导香客进行民间信仰事务,是民间信仰中沟通人人、人神关系的中介,有着组织动员信众的能力。当代民间社会大致六种香头,他们分别是灵媒型、法会型、驻庙型、朝圣型、经纪型和家传型。不同的香头具有不同的民间资源动员能力与组织香客的方式,也有着不一样的社会关系模式。比如灵媒型香头,相对其他类型香头有着自身特有的优势,并能建立起以自己为核心的信仰小团体,对其组织的信众有着绝对神圣的权威,但在超出自己建构起来的信仰共同体之外,灵媒型香头则往往被边缘化,失去了其权威性和资源动员力。总的来看,六种类型的香头都在很大程度上依赖于自身所处的关系网络、熟人社会。所以,随着这些社会关系的迁转,其动员能力也发生相应的起落。

一般认为,中国人的宗教观念是宽容的,民间信仰也极为活跃,这是否与中国没有一神教传统有关?

李向平:传统中国的确没有主导宗教。但宗教宽容与一神教之间的关系不能一概而论,多神论传统也有暴力的时候。宗教信仰是否宽容,关键不仅仅是一神信仰,还是多神信仰,而是在于这种信仰是否与权力整合,依附于权力压制对方,关键在于其信仰体系或信仰团体是否占有利益,或者在信仰发生冲突时是否与权力、军事集团结合,把信仰关系自身变成了一个暴力集团。就像前面讲的,民间信仰在改朝换代时总会若隐若现,你可以说它反抗朝廷是正义的事情,但它却是与暴力联系在一起的。

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