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中国古代玉器鉴定的基本方法:多读玉器考古报告

2017-06-14 14:24:40   

(斜口筒形玉器)

红山文化玉器的雕琢工艺十分讲究,特征鲜明。玉器表面很少装饰纹样,个别的如“C”形龙的额部的网状方格纹,猪龙眼、耳、嘴部雕琢的线纹,勾云形器上镂空与打洼技法表现的“眉”、“眼”、“牙”等,经认真观察研究发现,这些纹样应具有特殊的含义,制作这些纹样则有一套成熟的程序与工具;玉鸮、玉蚕蛹等打孔痕迹,玉箍的中空取料痕迹均是研究红山文化玉器的制作工具与技法的最好实证。

还有在古玉真伪辨别方面,有实践经验和认知水平较高的鉴赏家,他们的看法也值得借鉴。如所谓的“包浆”、“手头”、“老玉新工”等。

(玉雕龙)

包浆:包浆一词在清代文献中已存在,应指玉器表面的皮壳特点,形成的原因很多,主要为沁色和盘色,沁色指玉器埋在地下,或传世过程中,由于受周围环境的影响(包括埋藏环境、保存条件等)在玉器表面形成的一层颜色变化,多见白色、铁锈色、暗黄色、黑色、绿色,白色多称水沁,铁锈色有人称铁锈沁,有人称血沁,暗黄色称土沁,沁色形成的原因很复杂,大体沿玉器染色与风化过程形成,又因玉器埋藏的时代不同、地区不同而不同,一般看,汉代以前玉器沁色较重,南方出土玉器称为湿土出土玉器,水沁较重。红山玉器被一些人称为北方燥土出土玉器,或无沁,或白色沁,或铁锈沁,或暗黄色沁,沁色一般都较少,少量玉器为较重的白色或褐色沁。

手头:一般指玉器拿在手中的重量感。与玻璃和塑料等仿玉材料相比,玉料的密度较大,即手头较重。许多仿玉大多在器形、纹饰、颜色、亮度等各方面都可以惟妙惟肖,但拿在手里一掂,却轻飘飘的。手感:是指玉对温度变化惰性的性质,常见玉料绝大部分是晶质集合体,有较好的传热性,所以手摸玉器,会有冰凉感。但有些仿品系用玻璃或塑料制成,用手摸,很快冰凉感即消失。光亮:玉器光亮有两种,一种叫“胶亮”,指玉件过完胶砣后,不用抛光罩亮直接上蜡。而“高亮”,指玉件过完胶砣后,先用抛光粉罩亮,再上蜡。

(玉鸮)

老玉新工:是指现代人利用古代出土玉器或遗留下来的老玉料、古玉残件等重新加工改制成的玉器。在造型、纹饰、工艺特点都符合古玉器时代特征时,还要进行玉器是否为仿制的判定,这主要在于对玉器新旧的理解。

另外,应该积极引进自然科学方法,来判断玉的材料、产地及琢玉工艺。自从引进扫描电子显微镜照相,中红外光谱测定,近红外光谱测定等物理学方法,玉材的显微结构和矿物组成问题得到了解决。从新疆和田,青海昆仑山,辽宁岫岩,河南南阳,台东花莲等著名产玉区矿物组成的测定,为出土古代玉器材料产地的确定提供了可靠地对比资料,再有模拟实验和微痕研究,则解决了长期以来有关线切割和铊切割、手刻及铊刻的争论。

总之,古代玉器的鉴定,包括理论与实践结合两个方面,经过较长时间的实际摸索,找出其历史发展的规律,进而总结出一套切合实际的方法,并在实践中不断总结,不被固有的信条束缚,才能有所突破,有所建树。

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