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提升书画家的地位待遇
北宋的绘画艺术在宋徽宗时期达到了高峰。当时的书画界,名家荟萃,高手如云。这与宋徽宗推崇书画艺术,提升书画家的政治经济地位有很大的关系。
北宋沿袭五代旧制,建立了翰林图画院,官职配备也非常完善,并且提高其政治地位,改善其经济待遇。当时文学艺术界官员能穿红、紫色的高官服装,但不能配鱼袋(官员佩戴的证明身份之物),但是唯独宋徽宗允许书画院的官员配鱼袋。
在官员上朝排列时,以画院为首,书院次之,再往后才排到琴、棋、玉、百工等官员。宋徽宗还规定其他局的工匠所发的钱叫食钱,只有画院、书院所发的钱为俸直。宋徽宗对书画家恩宠有加,特别是对米芾尤为喜爱。《宋人遗事汇编》载,政和年间修建艮岳(宋代著名的宫苑),宋徽宗召时任书画两学博士的米芾前来书写屏风,并让他使用御案上的一方端砚。米芾笔走龙蛇,一支妙笔前后翻飞,果然是名不虚传。宋徽宗不由得大加赞赏。米芾看皇上兴致很高,手捧着这方端砚,竟然嬉皮笑脸地对皇帝说:“此砚臣已用过,皇上就不能再用了,您就把它赐予我吧。”他竟敢索要皇帝的心爱之物。宋徽宗听了,不仅没有责怪他,反而圣心大悦,非常大方地将此砚赐给米芾。米芾如获至宝,高兴地抱着端砚跑出来,弄得满身都是墨汁。
宋徽宗在位时,还广收古物和书画,他在宫中专门设立了御前书画所,由著名书画家米芾等人掌管,里面收藏了数以千万计的珍品。书法有晋朝二王的《破羌帖》、《洛神帖》,更多的是唐代名家的墨迹,光颜真卿的真迹就有800余幅。名画有三国时曹不兴的《元女授黄帝兵符图》、曹髦的《卞庄子刺虎图》等。宋徽宗并非附庸风雅,徒有虚名,而是真正潜心研究。为便于保存,他把收集到的法书名画重新装裱,亲自题写标签,后世称为“宣和装”。他还命人将历代著名书法家、画家的资料加以记录整理,并附上宫中所藏的名家作品的目录,编辑成《宣和书谱》、《宣和画谱》、《宣和博古图》等书,对绘画艺术有很大的推动和倡导作用。
宋徽宗对书画艺术的收藏达到了痴迷的程度,据《宋人遗事汇编》记载,1126年靖康之变,金人攻破了汴京,铁蹄所到之处,金银财宝被抢掠一空。当宋徽宗看到自己喜爱的座轿被抢走,自己宠爱的嫔妃被掳去,尽管痛心不已,但是仍能强作镇定,处变不惊。可是当听说宫中的书画所收藏的珍贵字画被金人洗劫一空时,他再也不能淡定自若了,悲痛异常,仰天长叹。据说宋徽宗被掳金国后,也是饥寒交迫,从宋徽宗的诗中可窥一斑:“彻夜西风撼破扉,萧条孤馆一灯微。家山回首三千里,目断山南无雁飞。”悔恨、哀怨、凄凉跃然纸上。有一次郑太后派人给徽宗送来十匹绢,本想给宋徽宗缝制几件换洗的衣服。可是正好遇到书贩子在叫卖王安石的《日录》,宋徽宗手头没钱,便拿起绢去换书。
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