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女儿国真的存在吗?

2016-12-30 16:34:37   

希格勒的《中国史乘中未详诸国考证》专门有两卷写到女儿国,一卷是“女国”,一卷是“女人国”。希格勒注意到了,女儿国,有两种,一,部族全部为女性,二,有女人也有男人,而男人地位低于女性,差不多就是母系社会的样子。比如现在泸沽湖畔就有所谓的女儿国,那是一枝花杨二车娜姆的故乡。

一般来讲,传说中女人国的女人都美若天仙,符合男性的性幻想,而女人国的男人呢,有时候就有点吓人。比如《南史》记梁天监六年,有福建晋中人渡海,被风吹到一个海岛上,发现这个岛上生活着非常奇怪的土著。女的和中国人差不多,而男的,人身狗头,说话也像犬吠一样。

什么动物在海边生活,长着一只狗头?这像不像海狮?而海牛(儒艮),则被认为实际上就是美人鱼,那么真实的女儿国会不会其实是一些海兽呢?这也可以解释,为什么相当多女儿国的传说,都在海上。当然,这也不一定,14世纪的意大利圣方济各会常使人柏朗嘉宾在他那本《蒙古行纪》中就提到了狗头人的存在。

我们还注意到,《西游记》中的女儿国,全称是西梁女国。

西梁(555年—587年),又称为后梁,为南北朝时期出现的国家。承圣三年(554年)西魏攻陷江陵,杀梁元帝、立萧詧为梁朝皇帝,史称西梁或后梁。属地仅有江陵附近数县,先后是西魏、北周和隋的附庸,传三世,历三十三年(555—587年),灭于隋。这个西梁,和《西游记》中的西梁有什么关系?《西游记》的故事,发生在西域,这里的西梁,会不会与西凉有关呢?西凉,也就是凉州国西部,自汉朝建郡来凉州名字换了多次,有时叫武威,有时叫姑臧,有时叫西凉,有时叫前凉,疆域时大时小,公元400年汉人李暠在敦煌称“凉公”。405年迁都酒泉,逼近北凉。疆域在今中国甘肃西部及新疆部分,唐朝皇室李氏和诗人李白、李商隐都尊为其先祖。十六国后期,在西域吐鲁番盆地地区先后出现了两个流亡小朝廷,它们分别是:高昌北凉与伊吾西凉。伊吾,正是我们上回讲石槃陀时讲到的玉门关外的伊吾国。

隋大业初裴矩的《西域图记》提到了女国。《隋书》记:“女国,在葱岭之南,其国代以女为王。王姓苏毗,字末羯,在位二十年。女王之夫,号曰金聚,不知政事。国内丈夫唯以征伐为务。山上为城,方五六里,人有万家。王居九层之楼,侍女数百人,五日一听朝。复有小女王,共知国政。”这一条,与《北史》中的记载相差无几,葱岭,也就是现在的帕米尔高原,这个女国,当是西域的一个小国,女性当权而已。

两者结合起来看的话,《西游记》中的女儿国故事,恰是两者的结合,以伊吾国附近的女国为基础,加上海洋女儿国的佐料,就做出了一盘《西游记》的大餐,果然很美味可口。

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