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唐僧的胡人弟子石槃陀:从“胡僧”到“猢狲”

2016-12-23 17:09:03   

说来也是巧,这夜,寺里的胡僧达摩做梦,梦见玄奘法师坐在莲花上向西而去,早上他醒来后感到很奇怪,于是讲给玄奘听。玄奘虽然心中窃喜,表面上却不动声色,他对达摩说:梦都是虚妄之相,不足为据。玄奘再于弥勒前礼佛祈请。更奇怪的事发生了,过了一会,有一胡人也来入礼佛,看到玄奘,绕着玄奘走了两三圈。玄奘问他叫什么,他说他叫石槃陀,芮乐伟·韩森在《丝绸之路新史》中认为,石姓表示此人来自石国(Chach),今乌兹别克斯坦首都塔什干。槃陀一名是粟特语Vandak的中文音译。这是一个常见的粟特名字,意思是某神的“仆人”。

这就是传说中的心诚则灵吗?

石槃陀表示想拜玄奘法师为师。玄奘见其人长得明健貌又恭肃,就收下了他,并为其授五戒,这是佛教徒所应遵守的最基本的戒律,而不是八戒,即:一、不杀生;二、不偷盗;三、不邪淫;四、不妄语;五、不饮酒。石槃陀则为师傅送来果饼充饥。

玄奘告诉他,他要去天竺取经,石槃陀允诺送玄奘过五烽。玄奘大喜,为这位胡人弟子买了行李和一匹马。

第二天黄昏时分,石槃陀带来了一个胡人老头,说这老头非常熟悉西行之路。老头则给了玄奘一匹马,此马往返伊吾国十五次,认路。玄奘记得,在长安他立志要西行之时,曾向传说很灵验的术士何弘达占卜行程吉凶,何弘达说:你能去,去的时候会骑一匹很瘦的赤色老马,马鞍前有铁。玄奘一看,老头牵来的这匹马,果然是一匹赤色老瘦马,马鞍的漆上有铁!又灵验了。

到了瓠卢河,河宽丈许,石槃陀斩胡椒树为桥,填上草和沙,得以通过。这天夜里,两人露天睡下,相隔五十步,石槃陀突然拔刀向玄奘,但走了十多步又回去了。第二天,石槃陀先说只有五烽下有水,必须夜间去偷水,一旦被发觉就会给打死,还不如回去过安稳日子。继而又拿刀逼迫玄奘。走了几里,石槃陀就把心里话告诉玄奘了:弟子不能去了,家业怎能抛弃,王法又怎能触犯?玄奘一看,天要下雨娘要嫁人,随他去吧。石槃陀觉得,这和尚孤家寡人,怎么去得过沙漠?倘若被追兵抓住,供出他来,他不是要受连累?于是玄奘发誓,并把坐骑赠与,孑身西去。

1907年,斯坦因追随玄奘的脚步重走了这一段路。据他估算,玄奘走了351公里。他还发现慧立的记载非常精确,说明石槃陀应该确有其人。而这个意图谋害玄奘的石槃陀就被很多学者认为就是孙悟空的原型之一。“猢狲”和“胡僧”的发音很相像,是不是说最初的猴行者形象,是根据胡僧的相貌而发展起来的呢?《尔雅翼》和《本草纲目》上都说猴子的相貌像外国人,《汉书·西域传》则这样说乌孙国:“乌孙于西域诸戎,其形最异,今之胡人青眼赤须,状类猕猴者,本其种也。”孙悟空刚刚加入取经队伍时,也是胆大妄为不服管教,才要发明紧箍咒让闹过天宫的齐天大圣在手无缚鸡之力的唐僧面前服服帖帖。

当然,石槃陀根本没有孙悟空那么大本事,说他就是孙悟空我们认为为时过早。

石槃陀,未见于《西游记》百回本,可是我们在元代王振鹏画的《唐僧取经图册》中看到了他的名字,《图册》第六幅画的是“石盘陀盗马”,只是将“石槃陀”写成了“石盘陀”。《大慈恩寺三藏法师传》中的石槃陀并未盗马,但与马有关,他到伊吾国就回去了,可是在《唐僧取经图册》之后的故事中,他依然存在,只不过《图册》中又冒出一个索行者,到底哪一个才是孙悟空的真正化身呢?

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