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孟浩然:忙碌的隐士

2016-12-16 16:32:07   

家居一段时日后,孟浩然于次年前往吴越。他在吴越停留了三年,见到了老友张子荣。期间写了数首思乡之作,如“移舟泊烟渚,日暮客愁新”、“客行愁落日,乡思重相催”等,表达出欲回不得回的无奈。不得回乡是为了求仕的各种拜会,而非为江南山水所绊。这些拜会中,最重要的一项是结交天台山道士。唐代重道教,著名的道士司马承祯从高宗、则天时就深受重视,玄宗及其胞妹玉真公主尊其为师。天台山是司马承祯的主要道场。孟浩然在天台山流连期间,司马承祯虽已被玄宗召去洛阳、在王屋山建阳台观并修行,但他与天台山旧观不会断掉联系。与天台山司马道士的门徒、道友交往,不失为迂回之策。

也许这段时间的交游有了起色,728年孟浩然返乡,与李白相识,稍作休整后动身前往长安。在西京长安、东都洛阳奔波往返,停留五年,虽结交张九龄、张说等政要,与王昌龄、王维等成了好友,佳作广为传颂,“微云淡河汉,疏雨滴梧桐”等名句被众人钦服,却仍未金榜题名。733年从洛阳直奔吴越,与崔国辅相聚,并相约隔年春天再聚于江南。短暂停留后,孟浩然返乡。735年春,依约三下江东去见崔国辅,路过江夏时,遇到李白,李白作名诗 “故人西辞黄鹤楼,烟花三月下扬州。孤帆远影碧空尽,唯见长江天际流。”可惜崔国辅已经应诏离开江南,孟浩然留有“我行穷水国,君使入京华。相去日千里,孤帆天一涯。”之句。命运总是这样作弄孟浩然。他的两次赴京(东西二都)、三次下吴越,博取了盛名,与同期一批诗人订交,换来的现实却是骨感的。

然而,孟浩然并未气馁。在襄樊时,他仍一如既往地热心结交经过之官员、文人。“检点孟浩然集,现存的250多首作品中,有十之六七是寄赠、酬答、送别、留别、宴会、登高怀人等用于应酬、交游之作”。737年夏天,张九龄被贬至荆州任长史,孟浩然应邀去作张九龄的幕宾。一年多之后,他离开荆州返家。张九龄虽被贬,但政治声望仍在,孟浩然是抱着极大的希望去投奔其账下的,有诗“寄语朝廷当世人,何时重见长安道”为证。然而希望再次被摔得粉碎。他未受到提拔、重用,只承担了一次赴扬州的公出。在张九龄身边,也只是陪同观猎、游览、祠祭,无国事可商。张九龄是政治家,他明白进退尺度,不可能在荆州大张旗鼓地有什么作为,孟浩然却不懂,张九龄的韬光养晦加重了他的绝望。绝望之后,辞归襄樊。一年后背上生疮,初愈便接待了来访的王昌龄,因食海鲜病发而亡。

孟浩然得年五十二岁,不算长寿。对他貌似波澜不兴,实则暗流涌动的一生,学界的看法是相似的,“诗人一生遑遑无宁,孜孜以求地奔走于干谒求仕的道路上”。但孟浩然仍然是一位隐士,施蛰存说:“并不是说孟浩然不配称为隐士。他还是隐士。唐代知识分子由进士及第而从政,叫作入仕。落第回家,终生不得官职叫归隐。唐代所谓隐士,仅仅意味着此人没有功名,不像宋以后的隐士,根本不参加考试,不求功名,甚至韬光养晦,甘心使自己默默无闻,老死无人知道。”只是不同于王维的大隐于朝,孟浩然是心不甘、情不愿地小隐于野。他有那么多经世济国的抱负从来都没有被展开。

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