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明末清初志士傅山:被百姓奉为普度苍生的神仙

2016-12-09 09:28:50   

相较于傅山的书法而言,他的绘画作品数量寥寥,其画之名声也与书法相较甚远。清代许奉恩《里乘》中记载了傅山说自己的作画过程:“画虽末艺,然必须笔补造化。我每作画,先择其时,非遇良辰,不肯下笔。”除此之外,傅山作画时还需“天气晴爽,风定月明”、“痛饮至晚,待月上树梢头,东向秉烛,屏退诸人,方可动笔。”由此我们可见傅山在作画时对外在环境气氛的要求之高,用今天的话来说甚至有些“作”的程度,他的画需在这些万事俱备的条件下完成,因此绘画作品数量不多也便不难理解了。

这次展览中有傅山为数不多的几幅精品之作,如山西博物院收藏的《户外一峰图》、《霜红余韵》册页,故宫博物院收藏的《汴堤春色图》以及天津博物馆收藏的傅山、傅眉《山水合册》。从傅山为数不多的绘画作品中,我们可以明显感受到他的绘画特征,以极为简洁的笔触刻画物象,尤其在山水画中以大量留白来表达意境的深悠,表达他的落寞之感。以傅山与其子傅眉合作的《山水合册》为例,其中有几幅如《帛金湖图》、《飞瀑秋枫图》等,虽都为实景写生,但布局章法一反传统样式,以淡墨构建出一个更具有形式感的画面组合,个性鲜明,具有极强的现代性。对于一个遗民画家来说,这种创作方式准确地传达了自己的思想感情,正如与傅山同时代的朱耷、石涛、渐江等人一样,这些都成为遗民思想的一种表情符号,也成为傅山在复杂环境中倔强生命意志的体现。

对于傅山的书法与绘画于后世的影响而言,二者并不平衡,我们今天更多的是将傅山定位在一位遗民书家的角色,然而,除了书画之外,“来历行事奇”的傅山还兼擅医学、子学、史学、文学等,特别是他的医学研究,至今仍为中医领域不可忽视的重要宝藏,其著述《男科》、《女科》影响至今。在傅山的反清情绪消落之后,他隐居山林,开始专心精研子学、史学等,傅山隐居修为期间,因其影响力大而辐射邻里四乡,吸引了大量文人志士来访,逐渐形成了以他为中心的交流团体,傅山与其学术同仁一道开启了清代子学研究之先河。正是这种全面丰厚的学识和修养,使得傅山笔下的诗文书画得到浸润,更使得他的思想观念有着极为超前的水准,他也因此与顾炎武、黄宗羲、王夫之、李颙、颜元一起被梁启超称为“清初六大师”。

傅山在《霜红龛集》中有一首《青阳庵》的诗文这样写道:“芟苍凿翠一庵经,不为翟昙作客星。既是为山平不得,我来添尔一峰青。”可知傅山隐居于此,是为心中愤懑之气,更是表达要与此世分道而行的孤傲,改朝换代的纷纷乱世中,大师频现,巨匠辈出,傅山作为一位“全才”、“纯才”,全在各学兼擅、百家皆通,纯在独树一帜、才高气傲,纯以己意。从某种角度而言,他不只是一位政治遗民,而是文化的延续者,这一身份对于傅山而言更准确也更具有价值,恰如纷乱世道中所添的那一座不肯同流的潇散青峰。

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