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唐朝诗坛,一场空前的好雨

2016-11-25 16:33:19   

有的雨是闲适的,如张志和《渔歌子》:“青箬笠,绿蓑衣,斜风细雨不须归。”把那种胸藏天地、笑看风雨,懒洋洋、乐悠悠的隐士情怀表达得活灵活现,这才是真正的笑傲江湖吧。

有的雨是悲凉的,如司空曙《喜外弟卢纶见宿》:“雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人。”对仗工整,对比鲜明,将作者的衰老憔悴和落寞心情抒写得淋漓尽致。

有的雨是伤感的。这方面的代表是白居易。一曲《长恨歌》,雨比泪痕多。“行宫见月伤心色,夜雨闻铃肠断声。”“春风桃李花开日,秋雨梧桐叶落时。”写尽唐玄宗对杨贵妃的思念。想象中杨玉环的形象是这样的:“玉容寂寞泪阑干,梨花一枝春带雨。”真是惊才绝艳,从此产生了“梨花带雨”的成语。白居易还有《上阳白发人》:“耿耿残灯背壁影,萧萧暗雨打窗声”,则写出了由于杨贵妃专宠而被迫幽居冷宫的美人无限孤独,只能面对一盏残灯,听着窗外的萧萧雨声,坐看红颜衰老消逝的无奈和凄凉。

有的雨是奇异的,如李贺《李凭箜篌引》:“女娲炼石补天处,石破天惊逗秋雨。”“逗”,是引出来的意思。这两句是用夸张的笔法,写李凭弹奏的箜篌声,震惊了天界,使得天上女娲补过的地方又发生了破裂,引来秋雨连绵。李贺不愧是鬼才,总是能够一次又一次发挥他的怪奇想象。

有的雨是凄迷的,如杜牧“南朝四百八十寺,多少楼台烟雨中”(《江南春绝句》),“清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂”(《清明》),还有韦庄《台城》“江雨霏霏江草齐,六朝如梦鸟空啼”,皆是烟雨迷蒙,余味无穷。

李商隐也善于写雨。《无题》:“飒飒东风细雨来,芙蓉塘外有轻雷。”用潮湿阴沉的景色衬托相思女子的愁绪难解。《夜雨寄北》是作者滞留巴蜀时写给老婆王氏的:“君问归期未有期,巴山夜雨涨秋池。何当共剪西窗烛,却话巴山夜雨时。”暴雨导致秋天的池塘都涨满了。或许,我对你的思念也像这秋池一般地涨满了吧。作者并不明说自己的思念,只是写景,让妻子和后世的读者自己去揣摩领会。若说李商隐是含蓄,可诗的第四句又重复了一次,仿佛是怕读者忘记了,所以又再强调。这在惜字如金、力避重复的绝句中属于非常罕见的写法,却取得了意想不到的绝佳效果。从此“巴山夜雨”成为一个经典的意象。

唐末的温庭筠、韦庄作为早期的词人,为五代、宋词中的“雨”奠定了基调。温庭筠《更漏子》:“梧桐树,三更雨,不道离愁正苦!一叶叶,一声声,空阶滴到明。”这是忧郁哀愁的一路。韦庄《菩萨蛮》:“春水碧于天,画船听雨眠。”《谒金门》:“春雨足,染就一溪新绿。”这是清新可喜的另一路。

风、雨作为两种文学意象,经过从先秦到六朝的诗人们的不断发掘,在唐代终于走向成熟,其各方面的美学价值都得到了充分的体现。在五代和两宋的诗词中,虽仍然不断有关于风、雨的好句出现,但是其美学造诣,却基本上没有突破唐代的范畴。

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