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与远古对话 云南兴义村全国最大贝丘遗址考古发掘记

2016-11-16 12:01:18   

此次发掘,赵东月的主要工作任务是从骨骼中挖掘信息,试着还原当时的商业模式。

通过初步分析,赵东月发现,发掘出的人骨中,髌骨、耻骨比较粗隆——这证明这些人经常用小臂工作。由于腕骨使用痕迹不明显,排除了纺织的可能。“结合遗址的地理信息,因为在湖边,或许与他们从事湖边捕捞等活动有关。”

考古分为三个层次,第一层是探索古人物质生活,第二层是探索当时的社会组织情况,第三个层次就是探索精神层面,其中就包括对葬式的研究。贝丘遗址的墓穴中,有一种独特的“屈肢葬”葬式引人注意。遗体的肢骨屈折,使下肢呈蜷曲形状,然后葬入墓坑。这种葬式是墓葬制度史上一个奇特的现象。

赵东月介绍,屈肢葬在中国南方的古迹中比较多,有蹲踞式、肢解式等不同程度的弯曲肢体,兴义村贝丘遗址中的屈肢葬,是比较轻微的屈肢。关于它的来历和象征意义,学者们已彼此争论多时。“它可能是睡觉的姿势,也可能是回到母亲怀抱的姿势……最后养成了习俗,流传下来。”

重构远古时代

他想象着,4000年前,有人在杞麓湖畔定居,日出而作,日落而归。

墓穴、灰坑接二连三出现,再加上放置小孩骨骸的瓮棺,让朱忠华心里踏实了不少。对探方的加固花了不少经费,不出文物实在可惜。而瓮棺是聚落中出现的遗物,常被古人安置于房前屋后。这就说明,朱忠华在聚落中找到了很多有用的信息。

让人惊喜的是,工作人员发现了一座十分具有代表性的房屋。根据它存在的地层判断,这个遗址的时期在新石器晚期到青铜时代早期之间。

去年12月,考古队在清理探方时,发掘出很多黑色的碳迹,碳迹呈圆形,像撑开的伞骨,放射状出现在地面。队员们开始争论这到底是屋顶还是地板,最后达成一致——这可能是一座发生火灾的房屋,由于主要支柱被烧毁,屋顶除了有茅草还有泥,重量大,导致了屋顶整体坍塌。

根据碳的痕迹,朱忠华在脑中重构了房屋的结构——房内有直径4米左右的4个方形柱子,还有一个灰堆很可能是当时的火塘。圆形的屋顶开天窗,可以采光、排烟。墙体是竹子外抹了一层泥。队员们甚至推理出了起火原因:某天晚上,房屋的主人生了火后离开,引发了火灾。没有支柱的支撑,较沉的屋顶整个砸在了地上。而房屋的主人很可能迅速在火灾的废墟上建起了新房。

想象力,是考古工作必须具备的重要素质。无论是修复器皿时想象此物的用途,还是想象古人的生活状态。朱忠华拿着一个陶制的瓢型器皿,反复琢磨,乐此不疲。“既然是陶制,它不可能是盛物的器物,瓢把手又是空心,十分少见。”想到此地有很多盛装酒水的流口器,他推断,此物很可能是某种蒸馏用具。

目前考古队工作已经告一段落。接下来,朱忠华将进一步还原古人在杞麓湖畔的生活。他想象着,4000年前,有人在这里定居,吃着湖中的鱼虾,日出而作,日落而归。

(都市时报记者 古穆斓)

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