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民国时在国内旅行也需办护照 1931年才取消此规定

2016-11-12 17:30:47   

1927年冬天,学生放寒假,广州学生联合会向省政府提交了一份申请,大意是说学生们组织了一个宣传队,成员共有三四百人,计划趁寒假期间分赴广东各地宣讲孙中山先生的三民主义和建国大纲,请省政府通知有关部门为他们免费办理护照

不对啊,这些学生不就是在广东各地搞搞宣传嘛,又不需要出国,为什么要求有关部门给他们免费办护照呢?

其实在清朝末年和民国前期,“护照”这个词并不仅仅是出国时的护照,还包括在国内旅行时所用的通行证,学生们想办的,正是后一种护照。

日本京都大学图书馆藏有一份苏州警察厅1914年12月日发放的护照,上面写着如下内容:

为给发护照事,照得据业户吴贻经派出账友姚恂如往来县属各乡催收租账,随带行李、账件,别无夹带私犯违禁物品,求请免验。

批准,并分饬各处巡船,遵照免验,限旧历年终撤销。

一个地主派他的管家到乡下去要账,为了避免被驻军、警察、税关等各种部门盘查留难,竟然还需要先去警察厅办一份护照。这样的护照,其实就是良民证加通行证而已。

上世纪二三十年代,阎锡山独掌山西一省大权,为了避免当地银元大量流出,他让金融部门制订了一个《携带现洋出省领发护照办法》:“凡携带现洋二百元以上出山西省者,须有省政府护照,违者以贩运论。”随身携带大额银元出省,竟然也要办护照。这种护照当然也属于通行证,属于专门为钱颁发的通行证。

如果我们穿越到民国前期,哪怕不出国,只是在国内或者省内来回走走,也必须办理一大堆护照,否则肯定会带来一些不必要的麻烦,例如警察盘查、卫兵搜身、旅店老板不敢接单之类。1926年许广平从上海坐船回广州,刚上船就有人检查行李,开船后又有稽查队上来翻查她的包,因为怀疑她是私贩银元的。几天后船到广州,她却不能下船,因为要等海关人员上来检查……假如她在上海提前办好了护照,那就省事多了。

在民国前期,中国虽然在名义上是一个统一国家,实际上山头林立、群雄割据,你吹你的号,我放我的炮,一国被人为割裂成多国,故此在国内旅行也需要护照。到了上世纪三十年代,蒋介石逐步消灭了各派军阀,中华大地基本统一(东北除外),于是在1931年元月,立法院颁布了一部《护照条例》,取消了以前那些五花八门的国内护照,从此“护照”一词才真正具备了现代意义。

按《护照条例》规定,普通国民如需出国,须向当地政府申领护照。申领时填写一份《请领护照事项表》,一份《请领出国护照保结书》,交三张四英寸的半身照,并缴纳护照费和印花税若干。少则四五天,多则十余天,就可以拿到护照了。当时护照是三联式,一联给使用人,一联存当地政府,另一联交外交部备案。

《护照条例》上说,护照费是两块大洋(学生与工人半价),印花税也是两块大洋,但学生减半,劳工则只收三角。该条例还明确规定:“发照机关不得于此等费用外另收他费。”

两块大洋的护照费,两块大洋的印花税,加起来总共四块大洋。如果按1931年大洋在广州市区的购买力估算,四块大洋相当于现在人民币二百多元,跟今天的收费标准差不多。

□李开周

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