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古人爱随身带的三个小物件:齿签、耳挖勺、梳刷

2016-11-03 16:00:48   

牙签除了“剔齿纤”外,还有剔牙杖、挑牙、牙杖、柳杖、杨枝、嚼杨枝等多种叫法,但明清以前古人似乎不称“牙签”,古代牙签应是一种类似于书签的“签牌”,并不用来剔牙。在这些叫法中,魏晋以后出现的“嚼杨枝”叫得最多,日本至今仍称牙签为“小杨枝”。

嚼杨枝乃佛家叫法。东晋法显的《法显传》有这样的说法:“南门道东佛本在此嚼杨枝已刺土中,即生长七尺,不增不减。”剔过牙后,将杨枝做的牙签插入土中,竟然能生长,显然是佛门传奇。

佛门有规矩,把口腔弄干净后才能念经,否则有亵渎佛祖之嫌。据《隋书·真腊传》,真腊国(今柬埔寨境内)僧人,“每旦澡洗,以杨枝净齿,读诵经咒;又澡洒乃食,食罢还用杨枝净齿,又读经咒。”

古代牙签有骨制、木制、金属等质地,但都不是一次性消费品,似与筷、叉一样,可重复使用,故古代牙签做得非常精致。1979年,在江西境内发现的三国东吴高荣墓中曾出土一只精美的金牙签,还是两用的,另一端是刷子。

最早的耳挖勺出土于

距今3000年前的妇好墓

《清异录》:“杜岐公悰,以剜耳匙子为‘铁了事’。”

耳挖勺是一种掏耳垢用的小工具,又称“耳挖子”。耳挖勺何时出现的?从安阳殷墟妇好墓出土文物来看,三千年前的殷商时,人们已用耳挖勺了。河南安阳殷墟妇好墓发掘于1976年,是迄今唯一一座未被盗掘、保存完好的商代王室墓葬,出土的随葬品极为丰富,共有1928件,其中就有两枚耳挖勺。

据中国社科院考古所编著《殷墟妇好墓》记载,两枚耳挖勺均为玉质,上端是鱼形,一大一小。大的长10.5厘米,厚0.4厘米,勺孔径0.4厘米、深0.2厘米。整个鱼身细长,头向上,小口,眼为圆孔,腮、背鳍、胸、腹鳍均较清晰,无尾。体下端收作短柄,柄末端刻出圆形小勺孔,颇为精巧。妇好是商王武丁的妻子,从耳挖勺的发现可知,当时贵族的耳挖勺多用玉来制作,而且掏挖耳垢已很常见。在1974年发掘的雍城“公秦大墓”中,也出土了一枚玉石制耳挖勺。

再早前的耳挖勺常用兽骨制作,但后世多用竹、木、金属来做,其中以金属最多。金属也分金、银、铜、铁等,最上档次的自然是金耳挖勺了,明清时,民间多用银来制作耳挖勺,人们将当时耳挖勺、牙签、镊子(或其他)等三种随身佩挂的小用具称作“银三样”,就是这个原因。

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