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评论:野夫先生喜跪拜行于私域应止于私域

2016-11-03 09:30:31   

当受礼者稳坐太师椅或至尊王座之后,跪拜就再已不是什么良善之俗了,而彻底异化成了一种彰显身份阶级、尊卑关系的文化符号。

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湖北作家野夫先生收徒接受跪拜一事,这两天成为新闻;野夫还专文解释为何要求徒弟对其行跪拜之礼,更让此事难以消停。野夫的文章我认真拜读了,理直气壮,辞章亦好,绝非他自嘲的“烂文章”。但文笔好,不代表义理就无懈可击,其观点还是可以商榷的。

野夫先生写道:“我也渐渐老去,也想把平生经验和教训,三观和主张,手艺和本事,一代代薪火相传下去。我这跪来的一点学问,你也得跪着接过去。不为别的,为个对历代前辈和先烈的尊重。”有些学问和做人道理,确实也有私相授受之必要,但非得跪受跪传不可,却是说不过去的。

孔子讲学时大家席地而坐,其实就是跪坐——两膝着地,臀部坐于后脚跟之上,不就是后来的跪么?但是唐宋以降,高脚桌椅被引进中原,席地之跪变成了悬足而坐,知识与学问的传授无须“跪来跪去”,所谓“对历代前辈和先烈的尊重”,也不需要再用跪传承了。

当然,我理解野夫先生之跪指一种礼,即所谓“民间私学,私相授受,行个跪拜礼,是仪式,是良俗”。但天下之礼从来不是一成不变的。跪拜固然是一个仪式,却未必是良俗。

先秦乃至秦汉之时,席地而坐的人们接待宾客,无论致意还是致谢,本身就是跪着的;只是为了表示尊敬,往往会自然而然地伸直上半身,即“引身而起”,使臀部抬离脚后跟,并顺势俯身而下,于是“跪坐”就变成了“跪拜”,久而久之就成了一种“礼”。

在没有桌椅的时代,跪拜是基于平等关系的礼仪,是互动之礼,绝非后来演化而成的君臣贵贱之礼、上下尊卑之礼。但当受礼者稳坐太师椅或至尊王座之后,跪拜就再已不是什么良善之俗了,而彻底异化成了一种彰显身份阶级、尊卑关系的文化符号。尔后,封建等级制度日益森严,跪拜之礼逐渐制度化、繁杂化;及至清代,专制主义达到极致,跪拜之俗竟孳衍至全民。

是故,中华民国成立之初,南京临时政府发布文告,改革旧俗,保障民权,废止跪拜。尔后,北洋政府更正式颁布礼制:男子礼节脱帽鞠躬,大礼三鞠躬,常礼一鞠躬,寻常相对,只用脱帽礼;女子不脱帽,专行鞠躬礼。当然,这些规定都主要行于官员之间、官民之间,对民众在私人场合仍从旧礼,政府不加干涉,也没法干涉,这其中自然包括野夫先生所说“民间私学,私相授受”场合。

不过,私人场合之礼,毕竟只是行于私域而止于私域,公开传播乃至“兼答天下”就不大适宜了。这其实也是舆论不放过赵本山、郭德纲等人类似行为的主要原因之一,也是此番舆论要跟野夫先生过不去的根本原因。无论如何,野夫是一位享有盛名的公众人物,公众人物的表率意义有多大不用说,大家(包括野夫本人)都知道。朱达志

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