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古代货币中的“花钱”:洗儿钱、酒令钱、吉语钱

2016-06-17 09:02:54   人民政协报

吉语钱 “招财利市”

钱眼里蕴藏商业史

“重农抑商”几乎贯穿了中国封建时代的大部分时期,但随着生产力的提高,在明清时期这种禁锢有所缓解,特别是在江南一带,对财富的追求已经不是那么隐讳的话题,而这一时期,相关的民俗钱也逐渐丰富起来。

在这一时期,苏炉所产的民俗钱就有一款正面为“一本万利”四字楷书,后面则是宝瓶、罄、戟等组成的画面。据介绍,“瓶”与“平”谐音,“罄”与“庆”谐音,“戟”与“吉”谐音,寓意平安吉庆。

另外值得一提的是“正德通宝”,根据历史记载,明朝正德皇帝并没有铸造钱币。目前市场上能找到的“正德通宝”多为清代到民国时期铸造的花钱,又被称作“压胜钱”。

据清代俞典园《茶香室四钞》所载:“国朝焦循《忆言》云,泰州宫紫悬太史言:十年前后以重价购求正德钱,一二文可值一金,云正德为游龙,佩之渡江河,无波涛之厄。近遂有伪为求售者,甚或钱背铸一龙,前此未闻,此康熙年间事也。余幼时尚见以正德钱佩于腰首者,近则无之矣。按正德游龙,俗传尚有此说,其钱可镇风涛,余亦尝闻之故老也。”

通过这段文字,大致可以了解到清朝初期人们为了渡海安全,才购买“正德通宝”,也从一个方面反映出当时虽然有海禁政策,但民间商人仍愿意冒险追求财富。

除民间之外,官方与商业相关的花钱也多有发现,而且年代可追溯到更早的时期。古代朝廷在开炉正式浇铸之前,往往会特意铸制一种大钱,喻义镇灾驱邪,求吉祥,永镇财富,该钱为非流通硬币,一般被收藏者称为“镇库钱”。由于五代时期的南唐国铸过一种带有“大唐镇库”四字的大钱,故有此称,迄今已有1000余年的历史。

镇库钱无论材质、钱文均很精美,且铸量甚微,工艺甚精,形制比一般钱币大,为该时期铸币工艺之代表作。

钱眼里看科举文化

科举自隋朝创立以后,就成了当时很多寒门子弟步入仕途的途径,遂成为大多数知识分子的毕生追求,并构成了社会民众生活的重要内容。进入明清社会以后,醉心于此道而无法自拔的读书人不计其数。

因而,这种思潮在民俗钱上也得到了具体生动的体现,“文星高照”“早登科第”“连中三元”“状元及第”“独占鳌头”“五子登科”“位列三台”“一品当朝”等钱币就是追求科考、仕途顺畅的读书人的必备之物。

通过这些民俗钱,我们可以了解中国古代一些科举文化。“文星高照”中文星指的是“文昌星”,被古人视为科举士子的守护神。古代科举竞争激烈,因此,因科举而兴起的魁星信仰、文昌崇拜盛行一时,特别是元明以后,随着科举制度的普及,对于文昌帝君的崇拜更加普遍。

古代科举分为乡试、会试、殿试三个级别,每个级别的第一名分别称为“解元”“会元”和“状元”,合称“三元”。“连中三元”是指同一个考生在三个等级的考试中都获得第一名,又称“三元及第”。这是对参加科举的士子的吉利赠言,但在中国历史上连中三元的人很少,据考证,在中国科举史上只有17人。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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