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苏轼处世态度超然:被贬黄州仍能写出千古名作

2016-06-15 09:19:00   中国纪检监察报

北宋神宗熙宁七年(1074年),苏轼任密州(今山东诸城)太守。第二年,政局初定,苏轼将城西北角一废旧之台修葺一新,政事之余,邀请同僚登台远眺,谈诗论文,抒发胸臆。其弟苏辙取《老子》“虽有荣观,燕处超然”之意,为此台命名“超然”,并作《超然台赋》予以赞咏,引发苏轼《超然台记》横空出世,成就千古名篇。

中国历史与北宋现实的交接点,恰巧成为苏轼文学创作灵感的触发点。与其说《超然台记》是一篇建筑物的题记散文,还不如说是一篇人生哲学论文,一首从人生忧患中解脱出来的哲理诗。对读者来说,倘若在烦恼时沉吟此文,在痛苦中咀嚼其味,或许能获得“超然”的效果。人在社会上生活,难免会遇到挫折与失意,这时常常会想到遁世。由于生存条件的限制和人的社会属性的限制,隐逸山林,不食人间烟火,又是不现实的。从人生态度来说,隐逸遁世也是消极的、不可取的。苏轼的《超然台记》所开的人生解脱处方,就不主张隐逸遁世。他认为,只要善于观物,善于从司空见惯的事物中发现其“可观”、“可乐”处,发现诗意,发现美感,随时随地都可以获得心灵的超然自适,变“散文化”的人生为“诗意”的人生。

苏轼受过中国传统文化的全面濡染,对儒、道、释等各家思想兼收并蓄。在他人生的每一个时期,都没有完全皈依哪一家思想,也没有彻底放弃哪一家思想。当然,正像封建时代的大多数知识分子那样,他最先接触的是儒家思想的正规教育,最先选择的也是积极入世、建功立业的仕途。苏轼年仅十岁时学习《范滂传》,便“奋厉有当世志”(苏辙《东坡先生墓志铭》);二十一岁应科举试,曾向朝廷呈上五十六篇策论;二十二岁中进士进入仕途后,更是满怀“致君尧舜”的政治信念。但苏轼耿介正直的性格、敢于坚持自己主见的做法,使他的仕途充满了坎坷。屡遭贬谪之后,苏轼积极入世的热情不能不大大降温。他在《自题金山画像》诗中说:“心似已灰之木,身如不系之舟。问汝平生功业,黄州惠州儋州。”寥寥数语,几十年的宦海浮沉,多少次的被贬外放,无边的苍凉,数不清的磨难,尽在其中。

屡遭挫折之后,苏轼益发感到壮志难酬。于是老、庄思想便乘虚而入,显示出强大的生命力,它与苏轼固有的儒家人生哲学一起,构成了一种充满矛盾的人生哲学:入世与出世、有为与无为、投身社会和回归自然。苏轼是痛苦的,也是困惑的。随着痛苦与困惑的加剧,儒家思想日衰,道家思想渐增。他的退隐心结,已发展到对社会的退避,对人生的目的和意义的怀疑。这种人生无法预料、不可把握的意识,随着遭受挫折的增加而越来越强,使苏轼常常发出“万事到头都是梦”,“休言万事转头空,未转头时皆梦”的喟叹……

“人间何者非梦幻”,这种人生如梦的困惑终于把苏轼逼上了寻求解脱的道路。应该说,对仕进与退隐的困惑、对人生如梦的悲哀,是封建时代的文人普遍的心态,但对困惑与悲哀加以解脱,却并非易事。在这方面,道家文人往往略胜一筹。吸收了道家思想的苏轼,便是如此。信儒却不迂腐,以其“知其不可为而为之”的入世思想来务实;谈禅却不佞佛,以其看破红尘的出世思想来处世;乐道却不厌世,以其乘势归化、返璞任天的避世思想来修炼。三者融为一体,就能不受时空的束缚,可以追求生命的自由。所有这些,都是为了维护赵宋王朝的长治久安和克服自己的人生坎坷与磨难之苦的。这就是苏轼的超然生命观,也是他为什么不去投江、没有出家,宁愿忍受苦难、甘当贬官而不忘忠君爱国忧民的根本原因。

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