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湖北松滋发现距今约8000年人类遗址

2016-05-25 09:34:46   光明日报

松滋关洲遗址 资料图片

●松滋人类居住史提前2000年

●长江中游同时期规模最大

5月19日,湖北省文物考古研究所对外披露,在长江松滋段江心洲,发现距今约8000年的史前遗址——关洲遗址。

“关洲遗址是目前发现的江汉平原最早阶段的新石器时代的文化遗址,也是同时期发现的规模最大的遗址。”湖北省文物考古研究所研究员、考古领队刘辉兴奋地说,“关洲遗址的发现为研究长江中游史前文明化进程提供了非常重要的资料。”随着越来越多的文物被出土,也让我们有机会去揭开新石器时代的先民生存状态的神秘面纱。

江心洲,何以引来原始人栖居

关洲属于长江江心洲,关洲遗址位于松滋市陈店镇全心村四组关洲东北部,遗址东西长约500米,南北宽约50米,总面积约25000平方米。

关洲遗址表面地势平坦,遗址边缘因长年受江水冲刷地势陡峭。走进江心洲,谁也想不到脚下杂草丛生的沙地里隐藏着新石器时代祖先生活的痕迹。

2014年3月,松滋市博物馆一次水下考古调查时,在北部临江剖面上发现文化层,并采集到大量的石器和陶片,还有兽骨、烧土块等遗物。随后,经过湖北省文物考古研究所专家确认该遗址为新石器时代城背溪文化时期的遗存。2015年11月,湖北省文物考古研究所与松滋市博物馆组成考古队开始对关洲遗址进行考古发掘。

早在20世纪80年代,松滋市博物馆就考古发掘了桂花树遗址等一系列城背溪文化遗址,但以往发现的城背溪文化遗址大多面积较小,文化层较薄。而此次发现的关洲遗址分布面积大,文化层堆积较厚,整个遗址文化层厚达10米,共分为11层,新石器时代文化层埋深距地表约7至9米。刘辉介绍,遗址发现有大量兽骨和密集成层分布的鱼骨,同时出土有大量打制石器和少量磨制石器,以及大量原始陶器。

随着考古发掘的逐步深入,关洲遗址位于江心的原因也被揭开。考古队专程请来地质大学专业人士实地勘探,初步认为,关洲遗址在当时应与陆地连在一起,后因长江航道变化,逐渐独立成一块江心洲。“其特殊地理位置,给考古工作带来了不便”,刘辉介绍,遗址无水无电无常住居民,考古工作者只能自带干粮,每天撑着小船横渡长江往返,历经100多天,终于抢在长江水位上涨淹没遗址前,完成考古发掘。

长江中游史前文明化进程的重要佐证

关洲遗址出土大量城背溪文化时期的石器、陶器、骨器、鱼骨,为我们生动再现了8000年前人类生产、生活、居住等各方面的场景。

刘辉介绍,以往发现的新石器时代陶器,制作工艺较为原始,陶器类型单一。在关洲遗址发现的陶器品种多样,有釜、罐、盆、盘、钵、支座等。釜、罐等器表一般饰以粗绳纹,部分圈足盘和钵器表面有磨光的迹象,且部分器形口沿出现慢轮修整痕迹。生产类石器及大量陶器尤其是炊器的发现,说明当时的人类已经处于比较稳定的定居农业阶段。结合20世纪80年代上游约8公里的宜都城背溪遗址和枝城北遗址发现的稻谷壳,可知稻作农业已经成为人类食物重要的来源。

遗址还发现了大量的兽骨和密集成层分布的鱼骨,说明渔猎经济仍然比较发达,是人类食物来源的重要补充。食物来源的多样性是人类从渔猎时代向成熟的农耕时代转变的重要特征。

关洲遗址的发现,不仅将松滋有人类居住的历史至少提前了2000多年,同时也说明松滋在长江中游新石器文化传播和空间分布格局的变化中处于非常关键的位置。长江中游文化距今8000年来在全国自成体系,一脉相承。

(本报湖北松滋5月24日电 本报记者 夏 静 本报通讯员 汪子怡)

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