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专家考古证实:汉代吃火锅撸串儿喝酒很流行(图)

2016-05-25 08:02:17   北京晨报

著名考古学家王仁湘曾撰文认为,染炉是汉代前后贵族饮食生活的一个侧面,是一种雅致的食器。由于汉代实行的是分餐制,一人一案,一人一炉,甚是惬意。这一幕也被记录在汉代画像石上。

在这种场合下,酒简直是不可缺少的助兴之物。从1968年河北保定市满城汉墓的出土文物可以看到,方形大陶缸上还写着酒的名称、种类和重量,如“黍上尊酒十五石”“甘醪十五石”“稻酒十一石”等。

在江西海昏侯墓、西安张家堡新莽墓葬都出土了一种类似蒸馏酒器物。精巧的器物让人不仅“脑洞”大开:蒸馏出的酒水倾入金樽,度数更高,口味也更加甘洌,直让人耳酣目热。

说到火锅,不能不提中国人涮火锅的“标配”——豆腐。这一国民食品传说起源于西汉淮南王刘安在八公山炼丹时的“无心插柳”。由于美味又廉价,它逐渐在民间流行起来。在河南密县打虎亭东汉墓东耳室南壁的画像中,一些学者认为,其中正描绘了民间制作豆腐的场景。

 那时的食材比现在还丰富

汉人嗜烤肉,在画像石上也看得明明白白。在山东诸城前凉台村发现的一处庖厨画像石上,刻画了一幅跟现在相差无几的“撸串儿”场景:一人串肉;一人打着扇子,翻转肉串;其他两人跪立在炉前等着。

那时的食材,比起现在还丰富。画像石上,不仅显示了宰牛、羊、猪及杀鸡、屠狗等情景,还悬挂着龟、鱼、雁、鸟、兔等不同动物的腿肉。同时,他们也会捕食一些野生动物来改善饮食结构,靠山吃山,靠水吃水。

从汉代的狩猎图和出土的动物骨骼不难看出,传统“野味”就有鹿、麋、野猪、兔、雁、雉、雀、鹤等,像熊、虎、豹、狼这样的猛兽也不在话下。在徐州翠屏山西汉墓中,还发现了鱼骨、鱼子和螃蟹等。看来,“第一个吃螃蟹的人”一定比这还早!

哪种调味品最好吃?刘尊志建议试一试“鲁豉”,“这是汉代较为出名的品牌产品,据史料记载,还有人因为卖豆豉成了富翁。”

除此之外,我们现在做饭常用到的花椒、姜、葱、桂皮、茴香也被汉朝人使用了。在它们的帮助下,肉的味道更加丰富,可以做成火腿、肉脯和肉酱。

 香菜和葱已经发挥了实力

对于很多人来说,香菜这种逆天的存在,是怎么来的呢?答案是,外来的。在汉代,香菜和葱已经发挥了实力,不再是蔬菜,而是一种主要的调味品。

汉人吃的蔬菜,总体来看,有根茎类、茎叶类、葱蒜类、瓜果类等。结合史料记载和一些考古实据,可以肯定的有笋、藕、葵、芥菜、韭菜、蕹菜、芜菁、荠菜、芋头、葫芦、荸荠等。黄瓜也是那时从西域传入的。

在水果方面,考古学家发现,在汉代,中国原产的水果就有桃、梨、枣、酸枣、杏、李、柿、梅、杨梅、青杨梅、广东含笑栗、枇杷、橘子、柑橘、柚、荔枝、桑椹、银杏、松子及香瓜、甜瓜、菱角等之多。

在汉代,最有名的外来水果就是葡萄了,它也在西汉时期的墓葬中被发现过。在张骞出使西域之前,石榴、橄榄已经传入中国,并开始被种植。丝绸之路形成后,胡桃(核桃)、无花果、番木瓜、胡瓜等随之而来。

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